tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21192876420965291722024-02-02T10:10:03.320-08:00The Law in LifeJenn Henryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944799032503287247noreply@blogger.comBlogger43125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2119287642096529172.post-65074073409851427042014-04-22T15:42:00.000-07:002020-01-04T15:46:59.177-08:00Can you patent a recipe?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU3Jb82D6jii4fR2igsDOOrinVv2nARvvZk5RVHJMW5UjAhL_MjllTuEwei6Rq0rvsWNhXYiHRyJRekOw6lU56vOy9CMCM3wIUp1uxpCdmGhDcdECdjQlto5BBGwkM4xA0LWaqXzDDO58/s1600/405772944_e0592645cf_b-220x162.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="162" data-original-width="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU3Jb82D6jii4fR2igsDOOrinVv2nARvvZk5RVHJMW5UjAhL_MjllTuEwei6Rq0rvsWNhXYiHRyJRekOw6lU56vOy9CMCM3wIUp1uxpCdmGhDcdECdjQlto5BBGwkM4xA0LWaqXzDDO58/s1600/405772944_e0592645cf_b-220x162.jpg" /></a></div>
Image courtesy <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/calliope/405772944">Liz West</a><span style="background-color: #e7e5e6;">.</span><br />
<br />
Can you patent a recipe?<br />
<br />
Maybe. It depends.<br />
<br />
Parts of recipes could be patentable — to receive patent protection, the invention has to be useful, novel, and nonobvious. Given how frequently food is prepared, Grandma’s 7-Layer Bar is probably not patentable.<br />
<br />
But that’s not to say recipes cannot receive any intellectual property protection. The name of a food might be trademarked (like “lunchable”) and the exact way that the recipe is worded and fixed on the page could be copyrightable. And a company might protect a recipe as a trade secret (i.e., the recipe for Dr. Pepper).<br />
<strong><span style="text-decoration-line: underline;"><br /></span></strong>
<strong><span style="text-decoration-line: underline;">For more</span>:</strong><br />
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/" style="color: #38b7ee;">Berne Convention</a> (on the mostly unenforceable international moral right to attribution)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/35/101" style="color: #38b7ee;">35 U.S.C. § 101</a> (useful)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/35/102" style="color: #38b7ee;">35 U.S.C. § 102</a> (novel)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/35/103" style="color: #38b7ee;">35 U.S.C. § 103</a> (nonobvious)</li>
<li>United States Patent Code, <a href="http://www.uspto.gov/web/patents/classification/uspc426/defs426.htm" style="color: #38b7ee;">Patent Class 426 – Food Or Edible Material</a> or <a href="http://www.uspto.gov/web/patents/classification/cpc/html/cpc-A.html" style="color: #38b7ee;">Cooperative Patent Classification Section A (Human Necessities), Subsection A (Agriculture)</a></li>
<li>U.S. Patent and Trade Office, Inventor’s Eye, Supervisory Patent Examiner Larry Tarazano contributing, <a href="http://www.uspto.gov/inventors/independent/eye/201306/ADVICE.jsp" style="color: #38b7ee;">Can Recipes be Patented?</a> (Jun. 2013, vol. 4, no .3)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6004596.html" style="color: #38b7ee;">Sealed crustless sandwich</a>, United States Patent 6004596</li>
<li>Gene Quinn, IPWatchdog, <a href="http://www.ipwatchdog.com/2012/02/10/the-law-of-recipes-are-recipes-patentable/id=22223/" style="color: #38b7ee;">The Law of Recipes: Are Recipes Patentable?</a> (Feb. 10, 2012)</li>
<li>Adam Liaw, The Wall Street Journal Food and Drink Blog, <a href="http://blogs.wsj.com/scene/2013/10/02/why-you-cant-own-a-recipe/" style="color: #38b7ee;">Why You Can’t ‘Own’ a Recipe</a> (Oct. 2, 2013)</li>
<li>For an example of food names and trademark issues, see Ramy Inocencio, The Wall Street Journal Food and Drink Blog, <a href="http://blogs.wsj.com/scene/2013/08/15/dont-call-it-a-cronut-in-hong-kong/" style="color: #38b7ee;">Don’t Call It a Cronut in Hong Kong</a> (Aug. 15, 2013)</li>
<li>See also<ul>
<li>Wikihow, <a href="http://www.wikihow.com/Patent-a-Recipe" style="color: #38b7ee;">How to Patent a Recipe</a></li>
<li>Mark Levy, Inventorprise Incorporated, <a href="http://store.inventorprise.com/content_articles.php?id=1049" style="color: #38b7ee;">Can I Patent a Food Recipe?</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
Jenn Henryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944799032503287247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2119287642096529172.post-55021229292301111322014-04-09T16:06:00.000-07:002020-01-04T16:07:06.995-08:00Why do you have to show your ID to buy a decongestant?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghzqp0AMuHXigZavAL_7ETanbA5VhsfTs5IJSXVa5YEVJiMkboiYenkY7Ffnh1z6fJpA5Kxf1PPtbgnJEAEMIkHOZ1epNsup3kFHIuiUmcSFSeT_eQHGdrTDogloCnvK4QdU7kiO3uw28/s1600/IMG_2904-220x162.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="162" data-original-width="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghzqp0AMuHXigZavAL_7ETanbA5VhsfTs5IJSXVa5YEVJiMkboiYenkY7Ffnh1z6fJpA5Kxf1PPtbgnJEAEMIkHOZ1epNsup3kFHIuiUmcSFSeT_eQHGdrTDogloCnvK4QdU7kiO3uw28/s1600/IMG_2904-220x162.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">You have
to show your ID to purchase certain types of cold medications–Sudafed, Dayquil,
Claritin-D, Robitussin, and Nyquil–which are kept behind the counter in a
locked case. Ever wonder why?</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">The
answer is: so you can’t make meth!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">The
law–more specifically, the Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act–limits the
amount of over-the-counter medications containing pseudoepinephrine, ephedrine,
and phenylpropanolamine, that individuals may purchase per day (3.6 grams) and
per month (9 grams). These chemicals can be used to make methamphetamines, a
controlled substance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">More than
7,000 pharmacies in 43 states use <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063747/http:/www.appriss.com/"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Appriss</span></a> software to alert police when an
individual purchases more than the allotted amount of these medicines.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><u><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><u><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For more</span></u></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">The Federal Drug Administration
- <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063747/http:/www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/informationbydrugclass/ucm072423.htm"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Legal Requirements for the Sale and Purchase of Drug
Products Containing Pseudoephedrine, Ephedrine, and Phenylpropanolamine</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063747/http:/thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/F?c109:6:./temp/~c109mUyY3j:e208258:"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005</span></a> (effective
2006) , adopted as Title VII of the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063747/http:/thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/cpquery/?&dbname=cp109&sid=cp109djs6R&refer=&r_n=hr333.109&item=&sel=TOC_358801&%3E"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of
2005</span></a> (H.R. 3199, Pub. L. 109-177)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">U.S. Department of Justice – Drug
Enforcement Administration – Office of Diversion Control – <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063747/http:/www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/meth/"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">For a smattering of where these
chemicals are added in statutes: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063747/http:/www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/802"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">21 U.S.C. § 802</span></a> (listing pseudoepinephrine,
ephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine)<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063747/http:/www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/826"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">; 21 U.S.C. § 826</span></a> (listing pseudoepinephrine,
ephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine); <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063747/http:/www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/952"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">21 U.S.C. § 952</span></a> (listing pseudoepinephrine,
ephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">Martha Neil, ABA Journal, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063747/http:/www.abajournal.com/mobile/article/govt_tracks_individual_pharmacy_buys"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Gov’t Tracks Individual Pharmacy Buys</span></a> (Jul.
23, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">CNN Money, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063747/http:/money.cnn.com/interactive/news/meth-lab-map/"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Interactive Meth Lab Map</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<!--EndFragment--><br /></div>
Jenn Henryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944799032503287247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2119287642096529172.post-38781093530904232042014-03-22T16:08:00.000-07:002020-01-04T16:09:48.214-08:00Taking the Fifth in New London, Connecticut<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6oxbrAbOszm41SF1YOxUO3I1_jt4aMbB6S7UpLbfEejj4HvKHvPi3p7NgihoOYEJ-OIawevRGq6-JGMUGACH8p-8cM_jWd-5W2jqTFAjGrTUeV9M4XEqS2V-7zlWd4mmGE-N6wqQHsrY/s1600/Screen-Shot-2014-03-22-at-10.53.20-AM-220x162.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="162" data-original-width="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6oxbrAbOszm41SF1YOxUO3I1_jt4aMbB6S7UpLbfEejj4HvKHvPi3p7NgihoOYEJ-OIawevRGq6-JGMUGACH8p-8cM_jWd-5W2jqTFAjGrTUeV9M4XEqS2V-7zlWd4mmGE-N6wqQHsrY/s1600/Screen-Shot-2014-03-22-at-10.53.20-AM-220x162.png" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">Image courtesy </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063742/http:/www.flickr.com/photos/karenapricot/"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #38b7ee; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">Karen
Apricot</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">The Fifth
Amendment is a weird beast. It requires grand juries for infamous crimes,
prohibits double jeopardy, allows criminal defendants to “plead the fifth” by
refusing to take the stand against themselves, requires due process of law, and
… prevents the government from taking your stuff without paying for it. (?)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063742/https:/www.youtube.com/watch?v=etuPF1yJRzg"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Does that last part even make sense with the rest of that
amendment</span></a>? Did James Madison forget to add that part to the Third
Amendment, or was he trying to squeeze one more guarantee on the bottom of that
piece of paper ? Most of the Fifth Amendment criminal trial guarantees
seem very Magna Carta-ish, and the private property clause doesn’t seem to fit
here. (For the record: the Magna Carta did prohibit the government from seizing
personal property, just not real property.) But seen under a broad “due
process” category, all those seemingly disparate pieces of the Fifth Amendment
fall into place together — the government can take your life, liberty, or
property, but it can’t take your life, liberty, or property, in an unfair way.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">One of
the most famous — and most controversial — Fifth Amendment takings cases comes
from recent history: a 2005 Supreme Court case called <i>Kelo v. City of
New London</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">But to
understand the recent conflict, it is important to understand a little bit
about New London’s history, and the military area in New London along the
Thames River called Fort Trumbull. The area had a long history of military land
use — and when that large military presence went away, conflict sparked over
how the area could or should be revitalized.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">The 1781
burning of New London, Connecticut commenced at Fort Trumbull. Fort Trumbull
later served as a fort during the Civil War. The Fort later became the Coast
Guard Academy, then a Merchant Marine training facility. During the Cold War,
the United States Navy built the Naval Undersea Warfare Center, a large
facility for sonar research. In 1996, the Navy announced it would be
closing the Center. The federal government then transferred 25 acres of the
former Navy site to the State of Connecticut. In 1997, drug company Pfizer
announced it would build a new research campus on 24 acres of an abandoned
mill site nearby.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">Susette
Kelo purchased a pink home in the the working-class Fort Trumbull
neighborhood in 1997. The New London Pfizer campus opened in 2001.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">The City
of New London wanted to capitalize on Pfizer coming in to the neighborhood,
perhaps hoping that Pfizer would be as big of a land user and economic driver
as the military once had been. To accomplish this, the city council
created the New London Development Corporation to purchase nine acres of Fort
Trumbull and facilitate construction of an “urban village” of hotels, condos,
and office buildings.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">In 2005,
The United States Supreme Court decided <i>Kelo v. City of New
London </i>in the City’s favor. Kelo received $440,000 to compensate
her for her seized home, apparently $300,000 more than its appraised value. The
houses were relocated or bulldozed. In the years that followed, almost all
— 43 — states passed anti-<i>Kelo</i> amendments.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">In 2009,
Pfizer announced it would leave New London, leaving their giant 24-acre campus
empty. Aerospace and Defense contractor General Dynamics moved in to the campus
in 2010.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">In what
is perhaps the only bright spot to highlight as epilogue, Susette Kelo delighted
years of property and land use law professors to come with a biting holiday
greeting card. Kelo sent the following card to members of the New London City
Council and New London Development Corporation:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Here is my house that you did take</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<i>From me to you, this spell I make</i><br />
<i>Your houses, your homes</i><br />
<i>Your family, your friends</i><br />
<i>May they live in misery</i><br />
<i>That never ends</i><br />
<i>I curse you all</i><br />
<i>May you rot in hell</i><br />
<i>To each of you</i><br />
<i>I send this spell</i><br />
<i>For the rest of your lives</i><br />
<i>I wish you ill</i><br />
<i>I send this now</i><br />
<i>By the power of will.</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><i><br /></i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">(Text by
New London grassroots activist <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063742/http:/www.theday.com/article/20110428/NWS01/304289381/Kathleen-Mitchell-enters-crowded-field-of-hopefuls-to-be-New-London-mayor"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Kathleen Mitchell</span></a>.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">Kelo <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063742/http:/blogs.wsj.com/law/2006/12/21/holiday-greeting-cards-the-law-part-i/"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">reportedly considered sending the holiday card to the
United States Supreme Court Justices</span></a>, as well.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><u><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><u><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For more</span></u></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white;"><i><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelo v. City of New London</span></i><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, 545 U.S. 469 (2005) (opinion
from <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063742/http:/supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/545/04-108/opinion.html"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Justia</span></a>) (opinion from <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063742/http:/www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/04-108.ZS.html"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Cornell’s LII</span></a>) (more from the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063742/http:/www.oyez.org/cases/2000-2009/2004/2004_04_108"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Oyez Project</span></a>)<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">Amanda M. Olejarski, <i>Administrative
Discretion in Action: A Narrative of Eminent Domain</i> (2013)
(from <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063742/http:/www.amazon.com/Administrative-Discretion-Action-Narrative-Eminent/dp/073917858X"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Amazon</span></a>) (from <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063742/http:/books.google.co.vi/books?id=ORgY7zm51eUC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Google Books</span></a>)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">Ilya Somin, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063742/http:/www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2014/02/27/debating-the-original-meaning-of-public-use/"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">“Debating the original meaning of ‘public
use’,” </span></a>Washington Post: The Volokh Conspiracy (Feb. 27,
2014)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">U.S. Constitution, Amend. V (“No
person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime,
unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases
arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual
service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject
for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor
shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself,
nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law;
nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just
compensation.”) (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063742/http:/www.law.cornell.edu/wex/fifth_amendment"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">more from the Cornell LII Wex Legal Encyclopedia</span></a>)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">William Michael Treanor, <a href="http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=gelpi_papers"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">The Original Understanding of the Takings Clause</span></a>, <i>Georgetown
Environmental Law & Policy Institute Papers & Reports</i> (June
2010).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">New London Development
Corporation, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063742/http:/www.nldc.org/sec/4"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Fort Trumbull</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063742/http:/www.fortfriends.org/history.htm"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Fort Trumbull History</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063742/http:/www.ct.gov/deep/cwp/view.asp?a=2716&q=325200&deepNav_GID=1650%20"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Fort Trumbull State Park</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063742/http:/www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1996-05-06/pdf/96-11192.pdf"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Federal Register / Vol. 61, No. 88 / Monday, May 6,
1996 / Notices 20247</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">Patrick McGeehan, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063742/http:/www.nytimes.com/2009/11/13/nyregion/13pfizer.html?_r=0"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Pfizer to Leave City That Won Land-Use Case</span></a>,
New York Times (Nov. 12, 2009)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">Lee Howard, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063742/http:/www.theday.com/article/20130211/biz02/302119958/1017"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Pfizer layoffs slightly larger than projected</span></a>,
The Day (Feb. 11, 2013)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<!--EndFragment--><br /></div>
Jenn Henryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944799032503287247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2119287642096529172.post-87192231756279310762014-02-24T16:10:00.000-08:002020-01-04T16:12:06.237-08:00How was it legal for Batman, Chewbacca, and Wonder Woman to be in the LEGO movie?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlHJ6XtP93tEflbg8vo7p_l-68hqblhr9gVVlwwusCV2Of6E1qyQT4uDalLzF2e2RwXdnGcJoRDtAgwtk0nYW5UA1aCm9VFBIOGO3taL-00-EEnoOzzP0wdr7dHu14kEj3VW4VodcefXY/s1600/Screen-Shot-2014-02-24-at-7.45.13-AM-220x162.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="162" data-original-width="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlHJ6XtP93tEflbg8vo7p_l-68hqblhr9gVVlwwusCV2Of6E1qyQT4uDalLzF2e2RwXdnGcJoRDtAgwtk0nYW5UA1aCm9VFBIOGO3taL-00-EEnoOzzP0wdr7dHu14kEj3VW4VodcefXY/s1600/Screen-Shot-2014-02-24-at-7.45.13-AM-220x162.png" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">Image courtesy </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063737/http:/www.flickr.com/photos/imuttoo/"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #38b7ee; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">Ian
Muttoo</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">Did anybody else marvel at the legal gymnastics that must have
occurred for the LEGO movie to make it out of post-production?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">Maybe it is a
sad testament to our times that watching a movie designed to mimic a child’s
imagination raises intellectual property issues.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">In <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063737/http:/www.iamrogue.com/news/interviews/item/10606-iar-exclusive-interview-directors-phil-lord-and-chris-miller-talk-the-lego-movie-and-22-jump-street.html"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">a great interview from Jami Philbrick at I am Rebel (IAR)</span></a>,
directors Phil Lord and Chris Miller discuss the “legal wrangling” that allowed
various characters to appear:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><i><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: black;">Miller:</span></b><span style="color: black;"> We tried to use as many different aspects of the Lego
world as possible and behind the scenes it was a total legal challenge.
However, creatively it was super fun because it was something you could only do
in a Lego movie.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></i></span></b></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><i><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: black;">So when you did choose certain licensed properties to use in
the film, did you then have to ask the Warner Bros. legal department if you
could use them or not? </span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></i></span></b></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Miller:</span></i></span></b><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> We would write them into the script and pretend we had
the rights, and then just keep pushing until we didn’t. In almost all cases we
ended up getting everything we wanted to get in there. We wanted the movie to
feel like it was written by an eight-year old and it was from the mind of a
child. Like the way a lot of kids, my son included, when they’re building Legos
they put Batman, Chewbacca and a cowboy all in the same spaceship together. It
seemed like it was really fun.</span></i><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #38b7ee;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063737/http:/www.iamrogue.com/news/interviews/item/10606-iar-exclusive-interview-directors-phil-lord-and-chris-miller-talk-the-lego-movie-and-22-jump-street.html">Read more</a></span> about Wonder Woman’s diminished
role and the negotiations for the Star Wars characters.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br /></div>
Jenn Henryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944799032503287247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2119287642096529172.post-48927639877259631392014-01-25T16:13:00.000-08:002020-01-04T16:15:15.033-08:00Is it legal to mail people via USPS?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYI32YTKKJhLsl5E1s557K4CpZRy6nMabFSXkm0qWEVxrdFsS8kG5nNgBoteyoJm1HfYlAie1832Qa7abdPX8naAY7dWnnHCBULaSOjAE9-3d8GYT-sA9f17783WV624xa4VgAvFPKkxg/s1600/Screen-Shot-2014-01-19-at-8.44.28-AM-220x162.png" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="162" data-original-width="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYI32YTKKJhLsl5E1s557K4CpZRy6nMabFSXkm0qWEVxrdFsS8kG5nNgBoteyoJm1HfYlAie1832Qa7abdPX8naAY7dWnnHCBULaSOjAE9-3d8GYT-sA9f17783WV624xa4VgAvFPKkxg/s1600/Screen-Shot-2014-01-19-at-8.44.28-AM-220x162.png" /></a></div>
<h1 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">Image courtesy </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063734/http:/www.flickr.com/photos/smithsonian"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #38b7ee; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">Smithsonian
Institution</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">.</span></span></h1>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">Can you
mail people? Though the photo featured in this post is a posed shot, there are
several records that indicate that the answer was–at least in a few instances–yes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">In 1849,
Henry “Box” Brown mailed himself from Virginia to Pennsylvania to escape from
slavery. A letter from M. McRoy included in <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063734/http:/docsouth.unc.edu/neh/brownbox/brownbox.html"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Brown’s autobiography</span></a> describes a little
bit of the misery he endured to free himself:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"><i>[Brown] came
to me on Saturday Morning last, in a box tightly hooped, marked “THIS SIDE UP,”
by overland express, from the city of Richmond!! Did you ever hear of any thing
in all your life to beat that? . . . . To appreciate fully the boldness and
risk of the achievement, you ought to see the box and hear all the
circumstances. The box is in the clear three feet one inch long, two feet six
inches deep, and two feet wide. It was a regular old store box such as you see
in Pearl-street;–it was grooved at the joints and braced at the ends, leaving
but the very slightest crevice to admit the air. Nothing saved him from
suffocation but the free use of water–a quantity of which he took in with him
in a beef’s bladder, and with which he bathed his face–and the constant fanning
of himself with his hat. He fanned himself unremittingly all the time. The
“this side up” on the box was not regarded, and he was twice put with his head
downward, resting with his back against the end of the box, his feet braced
against the other,–the first time he succeeded in shifting his position; but
the second time was on board of the steam boat, where people were sitting and
standing about the box, and where any motions inside would have been overheard
and have led to discovery; he was therefore obliged to keep his position for
twenty miles. This nearly killed him. He says the veins in his temples were as
thick as his finger. I had been expecting him for several days, and was in
mortal fear all the time lest his arrival should only be a signal for calling
in the coroner. You can better imagine than I can describe my sensations, when,
in answer to my rap on the box and question, “all right,” the prompt response
came “all right, sir.” The man weighs 200 pounds, and is about five feet eight
inches in height; and is, as you will see, a noble looking fellow. . . .
He was boxed up in Richmond, at five, A.M. on Friday shipped at eight,
and I opened him up at six (about daylight) next morning.</i></span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">Several
decades later, in 1913, the Postal Service began to offer Parcel Post Service.
Americans used the Postal Service to ship children because it was cheaper than
a train ticket. On June 13, 1920, the Postmaster General issued a regulation
forbidding the practice. Several instances of child mailing (or attempted child
mailing) were recorded in 1913 and 1914.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">January 17, 1913: a man wrote to the Postmaster General to ask how
much postage he would need to adopt a baby through the mail (n.b. pun about
“infant industry”).</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">The
mailing of babies by parcel post is a real infant industry which Postmaster
General Hitchcock is asked to foster.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">In the
circumstances of his bachelorhood Mr. Hitchcock is considering seriously the
calling into consultation of experts in the transportation of babies, as a
letter which he received to-day presents to him a mail problem with
which he is quite unfamiliar. To add to his embarrassment the letter contains a
note of genuine pathos, which appeals strongly to the Postmaster General. This
is the letter, identically as it was phrased and punctuated:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"><i>Fort
McPherson, Ga.</i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"><i>
Postmaster General,<br />
Washington, D.C. — Sir: I have been corresponding with a party in Pa about
getting a baby to rais (our home being without One.) May I ask you what
specifications to use in wrapping so it (baby) would comply with regulations
and be allowed shipment by parcel post as the express co are to rough in
handling.<o:p></o:p></i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"><i>The name
signed to the letter is withheld at the request of Mr. Hitchcock.<o:p></o:p></i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"><i>As
babies, in the opinion of the Postmaster General, do not fall within the
category of bees and bugs — the only live things that may be transported by
mail — he is apprehensive that he may not be of assistance to his
correspondent.</i></span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063734/http:/query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9A05E6D7123BE633A25754C1A9679C946296D6CF"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Wants Baby Sent by Mail</span></a> (Jan. 17, 1913)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">January 26, 1913: the Beagle family ships their baby boy for
fifteen cents.</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">Vernon O.
Lytle, mail carrier on rural route No. 5, is the first man to accept
and deliver under parcel post conditions a live baby. The baby, a boy weighing
10-3/4 pounds, just within the 11 pound weight limit, is the child of
Mr. and Mrs. Jesse Beagle of Glen Este. The boy was well wrapped and
ready for “mailing” when the carrier received him to-day. Mr.
Lytle delivered the boy safely at the address on the card attached, that
of the boy’s grandmother, Mrs. Louis Beagle, who lives about a mile
distant. The postage was fifteen cents and the parcel was insured for $50.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063734/http:/query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9804E3DF133BE633A25755C2A9679C946296D6CF"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Baby Boy by Parcel Post</span></a> (Jan. 26, 1913)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">February 4, 1914: A family in Oklahoma sent their son to his aunt
in Kansas for 18 cents.</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">Live Baby
by Parcel Post: Dead Man’s Ashes Sent by Same Accommodating Delivery Service.
WELLINGTON, Kan., Feb.3. — Mrs. E. H. Staley of this city received her
two-year-old nephew by parcel post to-day from his grandmother in Stratford,
Okla., where he had been left for a visit three weeks ago. The boy wore a tag
about his neck showing it had cost 18 cents to send him through the mails. He
was transported 25 miles by rural route before reaching the railroad. He rode
with the mail clerks, shared his lunch with them and arrived here in good
condition.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">The New
York Times, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063734/http:/query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D00EFDA1730E733A25757C0A9649C946596D6CF"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Live Baby by Parcel Post</span></a> (Feb. 4, 1914).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">February 19, 1914: A family in Idaho mail their four-year-old daughter
to their grandparents across the state for 53 cents.</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">May
Pierstroff was a ‘package’ that was sent via parcel post. The four-year-old
blond was mailed from Grangeville, ID, to her grandparents (across the state)
in Lewiston on Feb. 19, 1914. The total charge, calculated on the basis of
mailing chickens, was 53 cents. This fee reflected her weight – 48 1/2 pounds,
which was just 1 1/2 pounds shy of the 50-pound chicken limit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">James and
Donald Bruns, </span><i style="font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">Reaching Rural America – The Evolution of Rural Free Delivery</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">People
continue to try to beat the price of tickets to this day. In 2003, Charles
D. McKinley packaged himself in a box to travel from New York to Dallas because
it was cheaper than buying a plane ticket. He was discovered and charged with
being a stowaway in violation of federal law.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><u><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><u><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For More</span></u></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">University of North Carolina,
Documenting the American South, North American Slave Narratives, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063734/http:/docsouth.unc.edu/neh/brownbox/menu.html"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Henry Box Brown, b. 1816, Narrative of the Life
of Henry Box Brown, Written by Himself</span></a>, Manchester:
Printed by Lee and Glynn, 1851<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">University of North Carolina,
Documenting the American South, North American Slave Narratives, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063734/http:/docsouth.unc.edu/neh/boxbrown/summary.html"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Henry Box Brown</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">Nancy Pope, Smithsonian National
Postal Museum, Pushing the Envelope Blog, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063734/http:/postalmuseumblog.si.edu/2013/02/very-special-deliveries.html"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Very Special Deliveries</span></a> (Feb. 19,
2013).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">Smithsonian National Postal
Museum, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063734/http:/www.postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibits/2b2f_parcel.html"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Precious Packages—America’s Parcel Post Service</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">Catherine
Shteynberg, Smithsonian Institution Archives, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063734/http:/siarchives.si.edu/blog/how-many-stamps-does-it-take-mail-baby"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">How Many Stamps Does it Take to Mail a Baby?</span></a> (Jun.
16, 2009).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">Chris Hartman, Post Haste Direct
Mailing Services, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063734/http:/posthastemailing.blogspot.com/2011/03/things-that-were-mailed.html"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">The Things That Were Mailed</span></a> (March
2011)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">James and Donald Bruns, <i>Reaching
Rural America – The Evolution of Rural Free Delivery</i> (on <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063734/http:/www.amazon.com/Reaching-rural-America-evolution-delivery/dp/1891568019"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Amazon</span></a>) (on <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063734/http:/books.google.com/books/about/Reaching_Rural_America.html?id=QaiWAAAACAAJ"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Google Books</span></a> - no ebook available)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">Jennifer Rosenberg, About.com
Education: 20th Century History, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063734/http:/history1900s.about.com/b/2008/06/26/sending-children-by-parcel-post.htm"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Sending Children by Parcel Post</span></a> (June
26, 2008).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">The Old Wolf, Playing in the World
Game, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063734/http:/playingintheworldgame.wordpress.com/2012/07/18/1918-shipping-children-by-parcel-post/"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">1918: Shipping Children by Parcel Post</span></a> (Jul.
18, 2012).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">Snopes, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063734/http:/www.snopes.com/photos/people/mailingchildren.asp"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Surface Male, Claim: Photographs show children sent
through the mail</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">The New York Times, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063734/http:/query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9A05E6D7123BE633A25754C1A9679C946296D6CF"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Wants Baby Sent by Mail</span></a> (Jan. 17,
1913). (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063734/http:/query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A05E6D7123BE633A25754C1A9679C946296D6CF"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">NYTimes Landing Page</span></a>)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">The New York Times, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063734/http:/query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9804E3DF133BE633A25755C2A9679C946296D6CF"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Baby Boy by Parcel Post</span></a> (Jan. 26,
1913). (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063734/http:/query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9804E3DF133BE633A25755C2A9679C946296D6CF"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">NYTimes Landing Page</span></a>)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">The New York Times, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063734/http:/query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D00EFDA1730E733A25757C0A9649C946596D6CF"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Live Baby by Parcel Post</span></a> (Feb. 4,
1914). (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063734/http:/query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D00EFDA1730E733A25757C0A9649C946596D6CF"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">NYTimes Landing Page</span></a>)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">The New York Times, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063734/http:/query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9804E0D9133AE03ABC4C52DFB066838B639EDE"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Rules Children Cannot Be Sent by Parcel Post as Live
Animals </span></a>(Jun. 14, 1920). (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063734/http:/query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9804E0D9133AE03ABC4C52DFB066838B639EDE"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">NYTimes Landing Page</span></a>)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063734/https:/www.flatstanley.com/about"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Flat Stanley</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">Steve Barnes, New York
Times, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063734/http:/www.nytimes.com/2003/11/07/us/national-briefing-southwest-texas-guilty-plea-in-stowaway-case.html"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">National Briefing | Southwest: Texas: Guilty Plea In
Stowaway Case</span></a> (Nov. 7, 2003)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063734/http:/www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2199"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">18 U.S.C. § 2199</span></a> (stowaway on
aircraft) (via LII)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">Wikipedia, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617063734/http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_mail"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Human Mail</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<!--EndFragment--><br /></div>
Jenn Henryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944799032503287247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2119287642096529172.post-5869694216050857482014-01-12T16:15:00.000-08:002020-01-04T16:16:57.351-08:00Is Sherlock Holmes protected by copyright?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Darkness</a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">Leslie
Klinger is the co-author of a forthcoming book, <i>In the Company of
Sherlock Holmes. In the Company of Sherlock Holmes </i>included a reference
to Langdale Pike, a character introduced in a short story published in 1926.
Out of fear of litigation, Pegasus </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">Books refused to finalize its publishing
contract with Klinger and her co-author. Klinger sued the estate of Sir Arthur
Conan Doyle in an Illinois district court, asking for a declaratory judgment
that Sherlock Holmes is no longer protected by copyright.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">Three
weeks ago, the judge ruled that the Sherlock Holmes canon is copyrighted–but
only for everything that Sir Arthur Conan Doyle wrote about him that was
released in the United States after 1923. The Conan Doyle Estate gets to
hold on to the last few works that Conan Doyle wrote about Holmes until their
copyright expires in or about 2023.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">This is
kind of a bizarre situation unique to works released in series. Generally, an
entire work is fixed into writing in one fell swoop. But here, copyright
expires in phases as bits and pieces of the work age.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">As S
says, “Remember this for your Harry Potter novel in a hundred years.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For more:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white;"><i><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Klinger v. Conan Doyle Estate</span></i><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Judge Ruben Castillo, US
District Court Northern District Of Illinois, Eastern
Division, 1:13-cv-01226, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617103127/http:/www.scribd.com/doc/194221395/Klinger-v-Conan-Doyle-Estate"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Docket Entry #40 – Order on Motion for Summary
Judgment, Granting In Part (as to the pre-1923 story elements) and Denying
in Part (as to the post-1923 story elements)</span></a> (filed
December 23, 2013) (on Scribd) (also on <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617103127/https:/s3.amazonaws.com/s3.documentcloud.org/documents/1003495/blog-sherlock-judge-ruling.pdf"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">AmazonAWS</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">United States Copyright Office
– <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617103127/http:/www.copyright.gov/circs/circ15a.pdf"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Circular 15A</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">Michael Hiltzik, LA Times, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617103127/http:/www.latimes.com/business/hiltzik/la-fi-mh-sherlock-holmes-20140108,0,6475523.story#axzz2qDAo3lsB"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Sherlock Holmes rescued from a dastardly foe: the
copyright law</span></a> (Jan. 8, 2014).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt;">NPR, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617103127/http:/www.npr.org/2014/01/07/260471980/sherlocks-expiring-copyright-its-public-domain-dear-watson"><span style="color: #38b7ee;">Sherlock’s Expiring Copyright: It’s Public Domain,
Dear Watson</span></a> (Jan. 7, 2014).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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Jenn Henryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944799032503287247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2119287642096529172.post-52253384475205562412014-01-12T14:07:00.000-08:002020-01-04T15:53:03.403-08:00Where do cities come from?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA2QnyKYN79vqCFEwVOR_8CvX1bqdCfOzG-sLUiJJNTh8s84x1mV88tNFKCmbJjMQI286ev5MUkKWWfJsoTQp8cYfLkH1KaAAoTlSGdn-XUdk0Ira5lI6RaueYfQJyZxC8yfy1iHPJr48/s1600/Screen-Shot-2014-01-12-at-1.48.48-PM-220x162.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="162" data-original-width="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA2QnyKYN79vqCFEwVOR_8CvX1bqdCfOzG-sLUiJJNTh8s84x1mV88tNFKCmbJjMQI286ev5MUkKWWfJsoTQp8cYfLkH1KaAAoTlSGdn-XUdk0Ira5lI6RaueYfQJyZxC8yfy1iHPJr48/s1600/Screen-Shot-2014-01-12-at-1.48.48-PM-220x162.png" /></a></div>
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Image courtesy <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/tkksummers/">Konrad Summers</a>.<br />
<br />
Cities don’t come ready made.<br />
<br />
Municipal boundary lines are made by three major legal processes: incorporation, secession (or detachment), and annexation.
California is one place where city boundary politics come into clear view. After World War II, California–especially Southern California–experienced a massive population boom. Cities sprung up rapidly, sometimes without coordination. Jurisdictions overlapped.<br />
In the 60s, parts of California experienced “annexation wars” in which adjacent cities jockeyed for control of land. In the last six decades, California has passed a series of laws to make city boundaries more orderly, discourage urban sprawl, and preserve agricultural land. These laws include that annexation (adding territory to an existing city) and incorporation (creating a new city) are processes controlled by each county’s Local Agency Formation Commission (“LAFCO”).
City boundaries can be intensely political.<br />
<br />
So political that Neal Broverman of Curbed LA recently compared Calabasas to a “nineteenth-century European colonial power” in an <a href="http://la.curbed.com/archives/2013/12/calabasas_wants_to_gobble_up_146_acres_north_of_the_101.php" style="color: #38b7ee;">article about Calabasas’s plans for annexing territory</a>. Annexing means tax revenue for cities and tax liability for residents. Several cities southeast of Los Angeles (including Bell of corruption fame) had engaged in talks about a <a href="http://la.curbed.com/archives/2013/11/bells_robert_rizzo_wanted_an_awful_southeast_la_super_city.php" style="color: #38b7ee;">potential merge of city jurisdictions</a>.<br />
<br />
City boundaries also mean voters and votes, as well as municipal services — or lack thereof. In fact, <a href="http://la.curbed.com/archives/2012/07/holmby_hills_asks_beverly_hills_to_take_it_in_pave_its_streets.php" style="color: #38b7ee;">one Los Angeles neighborhood hoped to leave Los Angeles and join the City of Beverly Hills</a>.<br />
<br />
The potholes are always more filled on the other side?<br />
<br />
<strong><span style="text-decoration-line: underline;">For more</span>:</strong>
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<li>Bianca Barragan, Curbed LA, <a href="http://la.curbed.com/archives/2013/12/compton_wants_to_annex_2_neighboring_rancho_dominguezes.php" style="color: #38b7ee;">Compton Wants to Annex 2 Neighboring Rancho Dominguezes</a> (Dec. 30, 2013).</li>
<li>Neal Broverman, Curbed LA, <a href="http://la.curbed.com/archives/2013/12/calabasas_wants_to_gobble_up_146_acres_north_of_the_101.php" style="color: #38b7ee;">Calabasas Wants to Gobble Up 146 Acres North of the 101</a> (Dec. 19, 2013).</li>
<li>Adrian Glick Kudler, Curbed LA, <a href="http://la.curbed.com/archives/2013/11/bells_robert_rizzo_wanted_an_awful_southeast_la_super_city.php" style="color: #38b7ee;">Bell’s Robert Rizzo Wanted an Awful Southeast LA Super City</a> (Nov. 7, 2013) .</li>
<li>Adrian Glick Kudler, Curbed LA, <a href="http://la.curbed.com/archives/2013/04/should_southeast_las_corrupt_little_cities_be_forced_to_merge.php" style="color: #38b7ee;">Should Southeast LA’s Corrupt Little Cities Be Forced to Merge?</a> (Apr. 9, 2013) .</li>
<li>Adrian Glick Kudler, Curbed LA, <a href="http://la.curbed.com/archives/2012/08/south_mar_vista_secession_talk_sparks_neighborhood_civil_war.php" style="color: #38b7ee;">South Mar Vista Secession Talk Sparks Neighborhood Civil War</a> (Aug. 23, 2012).</li>
<li>Adrian Glick Kudler, Curbed LA, <a href="http://la.curbed.com/archives/2012/08/southern_mar_vista_wants_to_leave_la_and_join_culver_city_1.php" style="color: #38b7ee;">Southern Mar Vista Wants to Leave LA and Join Culver City</a> (Aug. 17, 2012).</li>
<li>James Brasuell, Curbed LA, <a href="http://la.curbed.com/archives/2012/07/holmby_hills_asks_beverly_hills_to_take_it_in_pave_its_streets.php" style="color: #38b7ee;">Holmby Hills Asks Beverly Hills to Take It In, Pave Its Streets</a> (Jul. 30, 2012).</li>
<li>Tami Bui, Senate Fellow, and Bill Ihrke, Senate Committee on Local Government, <a href="http://www.calafco.org/docs/TimetoDrawLine_03.pdf" style="color: #38b7ee;">IT’S TIME TO DRAW THE LINE: A Citizen’s Guide to LAFCOs, California’s Local Agency Formation Commissions</a>, Second Edition (May 2003).</li>
<li>Assembly Committee on Local Government, Honorable Cameron Smyth, Chair, <a href="http://www.calafco.org/docs/CKH/2010_CKH_Guide.pdf" style="color: #38b7ee;">Guide to the CORTESE-KNOX-HERTZBERG LOCAL GOVERNMENT REORGANIZATION ACT OF 2000</a> (November 2010).</li>
<li>Governor’s Office of Planning and Research, <a href="http://ceres.ca.gov/planning/planning_guide/plan_index.html" style="color: #38b7ee;">A Citizen’s Guide to Planning</a> (January 2001 Edition)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.calafco.org/" style="color: #38b7ee;">California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions</a></li>
<li>Geoffrey Robinson, Perkins Coie LLP, California Land Use & Development Law Report, <a href="http://www.californialandusedevelopmentlaw.com/2012/06/25/island-annexations-unanswered-questions/" style="color: #38b7ee;">Island Annexations: Unanswered Questions</a> (June 25, 2012).</li>
<li>Cortese-Knox-Hertzberg Act, <a href="http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=gov&group=55001-56000&file=56000-56001" style="color: #38b7ee;">Cal. Gov. Code Section 56000, et seq.</a> (“It is the intent of the Legislature that each commission . . . establish written policies and procedures and exercise its powers . . . in a manner consistent with those policies and procedures to encourage and provide planned, well-ordered, efficient urban development patterns with appropriate consideration of preserving open-space lands within those patterns. . . . Among the purposes of a commission are discouraging urban sprawl, preserving open-space and prime agricultural lands, efficiently providing government services, and encouraging the orderly formation and development of local agencies based upon local conditions and circumstances.” (at Sections 56300-01).</li>
<li>Governor’s Office of Planning and Research, <a href="http://opr.ca.gov/docs/LAFCOs_GeneralPlans_City_Annexations.pdf" style="color: #38b7ee;">LAFCOs, General Plans, and City Annexations</a> (February 7, 2012).</li>
<li><b>Compare California with Minnesota:</b><ul>
<li><a href="http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/northwest.html" style="color: #38b7ee;">Northwest Ordinance of 1787 </a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.revisor.mn.gov/constitution/#article_12" style="color: #38b7ee;">Minnesota Constitution, Article 12, Section 3</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?view=part&start=365&close=368" style="color: #38b7ee;">Minn. Stat. Chapters 365 – 368</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=379" style="color: #38b7ee;">Minn. Stat Ch. 379</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.mntownships.org/" style="color: #38b7ee;">Minnesota Association of Townships</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</div>
Jenn Henryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944799032503287247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2119287642096529172.post-37093511133409931022014-01-08T14:21:00.000-08:002020-01-04T15:38:34.341-08:00How long can I leave holiday lights up?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii7XdxJRHsY7iovE8s9me46xGQcoJPdaeN-gqaGB30oK0xuexxEXHOtfJsZDXP5jGgDdfmak8eekolY_E6SpY2ae67wtcm-aeg0s0rrh35cvh-fmGkDq3onl7X-Pg2T3ySwdlIuFiOL2Y/s1600/Screen-Shot-2014-01-06-at-10.13.39-PM-220x162.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="162" data-original-width="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii7XdxJRHsY7iovE8s9me46xGQcoJPdaeN-gqaGB30oK0xuexxEXHOtfJsZDXP5jGgDdfmak8eekolY_E6SpY2ae67wtcm-aeg0s0rrh35cvh-fmGkDq3onl7X-Pg2T3ySwdlIuFiOL2Y/s1600/Screen-Shot-2014-01-06-at-10.13.39-PM-220x162.png" /></a></div>
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Image courtesy <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/pattipics/">Patti Haskins</a>
<br />
<br />
Some cities have adopted ordinances requiring their residents to take down their seasonal decorations within a certain number of days. Many Chicago suburbs have adopted seasonal decoration ordinances limiting display. Aurora, IL, for example, limits display to the 60 days before and after a holiday. South Holland, IL, limits display of holiday lights differently for summer months (30 days before and after holiday) and winter months (45 days before and after holiday). Pueblo, CO, allows displays for only 60 days out of the year. San Marcos, CA, allows a maximum cumulative 45 days of holiday display per year. San Diego, CA, requires removal 20 days after the holiday passes.</div>
<br />
On the one hand, I can see the municipalities’ argument. Leaving Christmas lights up year-round might contribute to a perception that a home is not taken care of (<a href="http://www.manhattan-institute.org/pdf/_atlantic_monthly-broken_windows.pdf" style="color: #38b7ee;">broken-window theory</a>, etc., <a href="http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/eisenhower-gives-famous-domino-theory-speech" style="color: #38b7ee;">domino effect</a>, etc.). On the other hand, really? A tidy row of Christmas lights hardly belongs in the same category as your neighbor’s dilapidated old jalopy oozing antifreeze and oil into the front yard.
Regardless of what I think, the cities are allowed to do it. Under the police power, cities are able to pass ordinances for the public health, safety, and welfare, of their citizens. Aesthetics and property value are good enough justifications that contribute to the public welfare (<em>see, e.g., <a href="http://www.courts.state.nh.us/supreme/opinions/2005/taylo048.htm" style="color: #38b7ee;">Taylor v. Plasitow</a></em>).<br />
<br />
The First Amendment would probably be the best challenge to this ordinance, if city residents could make out an argument that the ordinance was impermissibly burdening their right to free speech.<br />
<br />
But the holiday light ordinances probably pass the <em>Lemon</em> Test. City counsel might defend the law like this: The ordinances serve the secular legislative purpose of promoting the perception that homes are well taken care of year round; lights up out of season contribute to an image that the community does not take care of their homes. The holiday lights ordinance does not have the primary effect of advancing or inhibiting religion; in fact, it barely has any effect on religion at all because religious observants are allowed to keep their lights up for months before and after the holiday they celebrate. Finally, the holiday lights ordinance does not result in the city government being excessively entangled with religion. The ordinance does not even mention religion, nor does it require the city to interact with religion in any way.<br />
<br />
It would be interesting to compare holiday lights ordinances with <a href="http://jonathanturley.org/2011/02/10/man-accused-of-nuisance-after-erecting-huge-lighted-crosses-to-deter-atheists/" style="color: #38b7ee;">Carl Behr’s ginormous lighted cross in Baldwin, Pennsylvania</a>, which city officials ordered him to take down because it was a nuisance.<br />
<br />
<span style="text-decoration-line: underline;"><strong>A smattering of holiday lights ordinances for your perusal</strong></span><strong>:</strong><br />
<strong style="line-height: 1.5em;">Aurora, Illinois</strong>
<a href="http://library.municode.com/index.aspx?clientId=10143" style="color: #38b7ee;">Sec. 29-103</a>. Seasonal decorations (a) Exterior items of a primarily decorative nature visible from the public right-of-way and associated with the celebration of seasonal events or holidays shall be displayed no earlier than sixty (60) days prior to, and removed no later than sixty (60) days after, the holiday. (b) A citation may be issued for violation of this section, the penalty for which shall be as provided in chapter 1, section 1-11 of this Code.<br />
<strong><br /></strong>
<strong>South Holland, Illinois</strong>
<a href="http://library.municode.com/index.aspx?clientId=10287" style="color: #38b7ee;">Sec. 3-22.</a> – Signs exempted from permit requirements. (n) Holiday/seasonal decorations. Decorations customarily displayed on a national, state, local or religious holiday. This shall not include any type of signage either prohibited by this article or requiring a permit under this article. Holiday decorations, displayed for holidays scheduled between the dates of March 16 and November 14, including, but not limited to, holiday lights on houses or in the yard or shrubbery, yard ornaments or decorations, and the like, shall not be installed or placed more than thirty (30) days before the date of the holiday for which said decorations are intended and shall be removed within a reasonable amount of time, not to exceed thirty (30) days, following the date of the holiday for which said decorations were intended. Holiday decorations, displayed for holidays scheduled between the dates of November 15 and March 15 shall not be installed or placed more than forty-five (45) days before the date of the holiday for which said decorations are intended and shall be removed within a reasonable amount of time, not to exceed forty-five (45) days following the date of the holiday for which said decorations were intended. Holiday lights, even if not illuminated, are not permitted to remain on any house or structure year-round. Any decoration which fails to illuminate, due to malfunction or intentional reasons, must be removed. Weather conditions, such as extreme cold or excessive rainfall, may result in the allowance of an additional time period, to be determined by the code official, for removal of lights and decorations.<br />
<br />
<strong>Pueblo, Colorado</strong></div>
<a href="http://www.pueblo.us/DocumentCenter/Home/View/416" style="color: #38b7ee;">Sec. 17-4-52</a>. Outdoor lighting performance standards. (3) Exemptions b. Seasonal decorations with individual lights displayed no longer than sixty (60) days per calendar year.</div>
<strong><br /></strong>
<strong>San Marcos, California</strong><br />
<a href="http://www.ci.san-marcos.ca.us/Modules/ShowDocument.aspx?documentid=243" style="color: #38b7ee;">Title 20 – Zoning Ordinance Chapter 20.320 </a>
<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617103115/http://www.ci.san-marcos.ca.us/Modules/ShowDocument.aspx?documentid=243" style="color: #38b7ee;">Section 20.320.120 Definitions. </a></div>
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617103115/http://www.ci.san-marcos.ca.us/Modules/ShowDocument.aspx?documentid=243" style="color: #38b7ee;">Signs on Private Property </a>
7. Holiday and cultural observance decorations on private property which are on display in season for not more than 45 calendar days per year (cumulative, per parcel or use) and which do not include commercial advertising messages
<strong><br /></strong>
<strong><br /></strong><br />
<strong>San Diego, California</strong>
<a href="http://docs.sandiego.gov/municode/MuniCodeChapter14/Ch14Art02Division12.pdf" style="color: #38b7ee;">§142.1255</a> Temporary Secondary Signs in Commercial and Industrial Zones
<br />
(k)(1) (B) Holiday Decorations Holiday decorations shall be removed within 20 calendar days of the passing of the holiday.</div>
<strong><span style="text-decoration-line: underline;"><br /></span></strong>
<strong><span style="text-decoration-line: underline;">For More</span>:</strong>
<br />
<li>Judy Keen, USA Today, <a href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2010-02-18-holiday-decorations_N.htm" style="color: #38b7ee;">Residents told to store holiday displays, or else</a> (Feb. 19, 2010)</li>
<li>Aurora, News Details, <a href="http://www.aurora-il.org/detail_news.php?newsDateID=1224" style="color: #38b7ee;">City Extends Holiday Decoration Ordinance Deadline</a></li>
<li>Aaron Hale, Naples News, <a href="http://www.naplesnews.com/news/2010/jan/07/bonita-ordinance-calls-holiday-decorations-come-do/?print=1" style="color: #38b7ee;">Bonita ordinance calls for holiday decorations to come down Jan. 10</a> (Jan. 7, 2010)</li>
<li>News 10, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617103115/http://www.news10.net/news/article/183774/458/Whats-Buggin-You-Christmas-lights-up-in-March-" style="color: #38b7ee;">What’s Buggin’ You? Christmas Lights Up in March</a> (Mar. 12, 2012)</li>
</div>
Jenn Henryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944799032503287247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2119287642096529172.post-4177170887457036332014-01-06T16:17:00.000-08:002020-01-04T16:44:51.625-08:00Home Alone and the Law: Is Kevin Liable for the Wet Bandits’ Injuries?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTZygTMoGkvk8OnfuDIHOmCGaBHZY0upSVhQLvJ1h505Gly-O_n0uUY6b5tsMMH52FoOPAN7YI0zFP80MbTmHNs0gXOWVpxxjZnlXIrwPRa8jTrilllU960LeDSAGmpb4Nm-l9_H0YlQc/s1600/Screen-Shot-2014-01-05-at-8.34.47-PM-220x162.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="162" data-original-width="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTZygTMoGkvk8OnfuDIHOmCGaBHZY0upSVhQLvJ1h505Gly-O_n0uUY6b5tsMMH52FoOPAN7YI0zFP80MbTmHNs0gXOWVpxxjZnlXIrwPRa8jTrilllU960LeDSAGmpb4Nm-l9_H0YlQc/s1600/Screen-Shot-2014-01-05-at-8.34.47-PM-220x162.png" /></a></div>
Image
courtesy <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617103308/http:/www.flickr.com/photos/fallenangelphotography/"><span style="color: #38b7ee; font-family: "times"; font-size: 13.5pt;">Klondike
Kate Photography</span></a></span>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">‘Tis the season for Home Alone and its progeny to air nonstop on TBS. Because law school has ruined me forever, I thought it would be a good idea to discuss the legal implications of a kid setting up booby traps to defend his home against unwitting burglars. I will also address possible legal avenues those poor wounded burglars might use to recover.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<strong style="background-color: white;">Is Kevin McCallister legally liable for the injuries that he inflicted on Harry Lime and Marv Merchants (collectively, the “Wet Bandits”)? </strong><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;">Briefly, the facts. In or about December, 1990, Peter and Kate McCallister (the “McCallisters”) traveled from their Winnetka, Illinois, home (the “McCallister home”) to Paris, France. In a rush to get to the airport on time, the McCallisters left their eight-year-old son, Kevin McCallister (“Kevin”) behind in Illinois–that is, they left him home alone. On Christmas Eve, Kevin learned Harry Lime and Marv Merchants (collectively, the “Wet Bandits”) planned to break in to the McCallister home. The Wet Bandits initially believed that the McCallister home was vacant. For a period of time, Kevin successfully fools the Wet Bandits into thinking the McCallisters are present in the McCallister home. When the Wet Bandits realize the only occupant of the house is a child–namely, Kevin–they decide to break in. Kevin <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617103308/http://homealone.wikia.com/wiki/Booby_Traps" style="color: #38b7ee;">sets a number of traps for the Wet Bandits</a>, including icing the basement steps, heating a doorknob so it will burn skin, and setting a blowtorch to go off at head-level. The Wet Bandits are injured but not killed by Kevin’s traps. At the end of the movie, the Wet Bandits are arrested, convicted, and sentenced to jail.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;">Although the film focuses on the criminal conduct of the Wet Bandits, and celebrates Kevin’s conduct as ingenious self-defense, Kevin’s conduct may also be wrongful, and may be punishable under either civil or criminal law.</span><br />
<strong style="background-color: white;"><br /></strong>
<strong style="background-color: white;">Minor Tortfeasors</strong><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">Historically, there was a bright-line test: children under seven years of age could not be held responsible for their own torts, and there was a rebuttable presumption that children 7-14 could not have formed the requisite intent required to be held responsible for the harm they caused. Today, a plaintiff must show the minor tortfeasor fell below a subjective standard of care: the standard of care expected of children of his same age, experience, and intelligence. (<em>See, e.g.,</em>Restatement Second of Torts, section 283A: “If the actor is a child, the standard of conduct to which he must conform to avoid being negligent is that of a reasonable person of like age, intelligence, and experience under like circumstances.”) A child is held to the adult standard of care–reasonable care–when engaged in an adult activity like driving a car or boat. (<em>Id.</em><em>, </em>comment c explains adult activity exception). As an eight-year-old boy of what is likely higher-than-average intelligence and experience for children his age, Kevin could be expected to know the difference between right and wrong as well as the probable consequences of his actions.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;">The tricky part for the Wet Bandits would be figuring out who to sue. Kevin is likely not the landowner of the McCallister house. Generally, parents are not liable for the torts of their children.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">The Illinois Parental Responsibility Law created an exception for a minor’s willful or malicious conduct that causes an injury to a person (“The parent or legal guardian of an unemancipated minor who resides with such parent or legal guardian is liable for actual damages for the willful or malicious acts of such minor which cause injury to a person or property.”)–but a “minor” for purposes of that statute is between ages 12-19. Kevin is too young for the Illinois Parental Responsibility Law to apply, so the McCallisters likely would not be held responsible for Kevin’s conduct.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;">The Wet Bandits might be able to sue the McCallisters for negligent supervision of Kevin if they could show the McCallister’s negligent supervision was the cause of the Wet Bandits’ injuries. However, the fact that the Wet Bandits burglarized the house might be considered an intervening and superseding cause–a court might hold it is unfair on policy grounds to hold the McCallisters responsible for the Wet Bandits’ injuries because they left their strangely cunning child, Kevin, at home.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;">That’s not to say the McCallisters would be totally off the hook. Under Illinois law, a “neglected minor” is “any minor under the age of 14 years whose parent or other person responsible for the minor’s welfare leaves the minor without supervision for an unreasonable period of time without regard for the mental or physical health, safety or welfare of that minor.” Juvenile Court Act, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617103308/http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/publicacts/pubact90/acts/90-0239.html" style="color: #38b7ee;">705 ILCS 405/2-3(1)(d)</a>. Kevin, an eight year old, is covered by the statute because he is under the age of 14. His parents left him without supervision for multiple days. Whether the McCallisters did so “without regard” may be up for debate, since leaving Kevin behind appears to have been an accident. However, it is likely that Kevin would qualify as a “neglected minor.”</span><br />
<strong style="background-color: white;"><br /></strong>
<strong style="background-color: white;">Negligence</strong><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;">The Wet Bandits could try to sue Kevin or his parents for negligence. Under Illinois law, a landowner owes a duty of care even to a trespasser not to set mantraps:</span><br />
<div style="padding-left: 30px;">
<code style="background-color: white;"><br /></code></div>
<div style="padding-left: 30px;">
<code style="background-color: white;">An owner or occupier of land owes no duty of care to an adult trespasser other than <em>to refrain from willful and wanton conduct that would endanger the safety of a known trespasser on the property </em>from a condition of the property or an activity conducted by the owner or occupier on the property.</code></div>
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<code style="background-color: white;"><br /></code></div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><code></code><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617103308/http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=2048&ChapterID=57" style="color: #38b7ee;">Premises Liability Act, 740 ILCS 130, Section 3</a> (emphasis added).</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;">Assuming, ridiculously, just for the sake of argument, that Kevin were the landowner–his conduct would have fallen below the duty of care that a landowner owes to an adult trespasser. Kevin’s conduct in laying traps, such as the icy steps, the piping hot doorknob, and the blow torch set to throw flames at head height–certainly endangered the safety of the Wet Bandits. Marv slipped and fell down the icy basement steps; Harry burnt his hand on the heated doorknob; and the blowtorch burnt Harry’s head. Kevin set these traps knowing that the Wet Bandits planned to break in to the McCallister house. It would not be hard for the Wet Bandits to show that Kevin’s conduct was intentional.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;">But because Kevin is likely not the landowner and he was not acting at the direction of his parents, the Wet Bandits would probably not be able to recover against either Kevin or the McCallisters for Kevin’s conduct.</span><br />
<strong style="background-color: white;"><br /></strong>
<strong style="background-color: white;">Criminal Battery and Self-Defense?</strong><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;">The Illinois Compiled Statutes provide that “[a] person commits battery if he or she knowingly without legal justification by any means causes bodily harm to an individual or makes physical contact of an insulting or provoking nature with an individual.” <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617103308/http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/documents/072000050K12-3.htm" style="color: #38b7ee;">720 ILCS 5/12-3, Sec. 12-3. Battery.</a></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">Although Kevin certainly caused the Wet Bandits bodily harm (burnt hand, ironed face, BB gun shots), Kevin may have had a legal justification for his conduct: defense of himself or defense of his home.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; text-decoration-line: underline;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="text-decoration-line: underline;">Defense of Self:</span> Under Illinois law, Kevin could be justified if he reasonably believed setting traps was necessary to defend himself against the Wet Bandits’ imminent use of unlawful force. However, Kevin could only be justified in using proportional force (i.e. only using force intended or likely to cause death or great bodily harm if he reasonably believed it was necessary to prevent his own death or great bodily, or the commission of a forcible felony). <em>See </em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617103308/http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs4.asp?ActID=1876&ChapterID=53&SeqStart=8200000&SeqEnd=9700000" style="color: #38b7ee;">720 ILCS 5 / Sec. 7-1. Use of force in defense of person. </a></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; text-decoration-line: underline;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="text-decoration-line: underline;">Defense of Dwelling:</span> Kevin could be justified if he reasonably believed that setting traps was necessary to prevent or terminate the Wet Bandits’ unlawful entry into his house. However, Kevin could only be justified in using force intended to or likely to cause death or great bodily harm if the Wet Bandits made an entry in a “violent, riotous, or tumultuous manner” and Kevin believed the traps were necessary to prevent an assault or personal violence against Kevin, or Kevin reasonably believed that such force is necessary to prevent the commission of a felony in the dwelling. <em>See </em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617103308/http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs4.asp?ActID=1876&ChapterID=53&SeqStart=8200000&SeqEnd=9700000" style="color: #38b7ee;">720 ILCS 5 / Sec. 7-2. Use of force in defense of dwelling.</a></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;">Under Illinois law, burglary is a felony. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617103308/http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs4.asp?DocName=072000050HArt%2E+19&ActID=1876&ChapterID=53&SeqStart=62600000&SeqEnd=63400000" style="color: #38b7ee;">720 ILCS 5 / Sec. 19-1. Burglary.</a> Similarly, repeat offenses of “Endangering the life or health of a child” is a felony. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617103308/http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs4.asp?ActID=1876&ChapterID=53&SeqStart=8200000&SeqEnd=9700000" style="color: #38b7ee;">720 ILCS 5 / Sec. 12C-5. Endangering the life or health of a child.</a></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;">In sum, Kevin could even be justified in using force likely to cause death or great bodily harm if he reasonably believed such force was necessary to prevent the Wet Bandits from burglarizing his house or otherwise endangering his life or health. If the Wet Bandits sue, their best course of action is to sue the McCallisters for negligence in leaving their dangerous child at home alone. Kevin, as a minor, could probably not be held responsible for his own negligence unless a court decided he was engaged in an adult activity.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><strong>Disclaimer:</strong> This is about a television show and is for fun (or what passes for fun after the J.D.). If you left your eight-year-old son behind when you flew to Paris this December, I can’t help you with legal advice.</span><br />
<strong><span style="background-color: white; text-decoration-line: underline;"><br /></span></strong>
<strong style="background-color: white;"><span style="text-decoration-line: underline;">For More</span>:</strong><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Quora, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617103308/http://www.quora.com/Home-Alone-1990-movie/In-Home-Alone-is-Kevin-McCallister-liable-for-assault-attempted-murder-because-he-sets-booby-traps-for-the-wet-bandits-a-la-Katko-v-Briney#step=4" style="color: #38b7ee;">In Home Alone, is Kevin McCallister liable for assault / attempted murder because he sets booby traps for the wet bandits (a la Katko v. Briney?)</a></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Home Alone Wiki, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617103308/http://homealone.wikia.com/wiki/Booby_Traps" style="color: #38b7ee;">Booby Traps: List of Physical Pain Booby Traps</a></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Illinois Compiled Statutes</span><ul>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617103308/http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=2048&ChapterID=57" style="color: #38b7ee;">740 ILCS 130 / Sec. 3</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617103308/http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=2048&ChapterID=57" style="color: #38b7ee;">Premises Liability Act</a>.</span></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617103308/http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs4.asp?ActID=1876&ChapterID=53&SeqStart=8200000&SeqEnd=9700000" style="background-color: white; color: #38b7ee;">720 ILCS 5 / Sec. 7-1. Use of force in defense of person; 720 ILCS 5 / Sec. 7-2. Use of force in defense of dwelling.</a></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617103308/http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/documents/072000050K12-3.htm" style="color: #38b7ee;">720 ILCS 5 / Sec. 12-3. Battery.</a></span></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617103308/http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs4.asp?ActID=1876&ChapterID=53&SeqStart=8200000&SeqEnd=9700000" style="background-color: white; color: #38b7ee;">720 ILCS 5 / Sec. 12C-5. Endangering the life or health of a child.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617103308/http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs4.asp?DocName=072000050HArt%2E+19&ActID=1876&ChapterID=53&SeqStart=62600000&SeqEnd=63400000" style="background-color: white; color: #38b7ee;">720 ILCS 5 / Sec. 19-1. Burglary.</a></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617103308/http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=2045&ChapterID=57" style="color: #38b7ee;">740 ILCS 115 / Sec. 1. Illinois Parental Responsibility Law</a> (“The parent or legal guardian of an unemancipated minor who resides with such parent or legal guardian is liable for actual damages for the wilful or malicious acts of such minor which cause injury to a person or property.”)</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617103308/http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/publicacts/pubact90/acts/90-0239.html" style="color: #38b7ee;">705 ILCS 405 / Sec. 2-3(1)(d)</a>. Juvenile Court Act.</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Harry Shulman, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617103308/http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5599&context=fss_papers" style="color: #38b7ee;">The Standard of Care Required of Children</a>, 37 Yale L.J. 618 (1927-1928)</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Note, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617103308/http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1798&context=dlj" style="color: #38b7ee;">Torts: Application of Adult Standard of Care to Minor Motor Vehicle Operators</a>, 1962 Duke Law Journal 138 (1962).</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Spring Gun Cases</span><ul>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><em>Katko v. Briney</em>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617103308/http://www.ncsu.edu/project/are306/cases/KatkovBriney.pdf" style="color: #38b7ee;">183 N.W.2d 657 </a>(Iowa 1971) (spring gun in boarded up farmhouse injures)</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><em>McComb Family v. Phillip Connaghan</em> (Colorado 1990) (19-year-old burglar killed by spring gun set in Denver, Colorado, warehouse)</span><ul>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">AP/New York Times, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617103308/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/22/us/booby-trap-death-brings-fine.html" style="color: #38b7ee;">Booby Trap Death Brings Fine</a> (Aug. 22, 1990)</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Chicago Tribune, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617103308/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1990-04-21/news/9002020283_1_philip-connaghan-police-spokesman-john-wycoff-booby" style="color: #38b7ee;">Denver Citizens Support Man in Booby Trap Killing</a> (Apr. 21, 1990)</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">New York Times, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617103308/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/27/us/trial-set-in-booby-trap-death.html" style="color: #38b7ee;">Trial Set in Booby Trap Death</a> (Jun. 27, 1990)</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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Jenn Henryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944799032503287247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2119287642096529172.post-1837625792489944522013-11-03T11:51:00.002-08:002020-01-04T14:09:43.325-08:00How do campus police officers have jurisdiction? <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
In <a href="http://publicsafety.yale.edu/police/history-ypd">1894, Yale created the first university police</a> (n.b. the link has photos!). Two New Haven police officers agreed to take exclusive assignment to the Yale campus after some town and gown skirmishes, including a scuffle over rumors that the medical school was exhuming bodies from graves to use as cadavers. (!)<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCj6uGM7yjDkCcLCfW0zPiP9wZMS5SFv7G4HZVZ5wRXNyy5odgy4GePa-jIO5CljKE0ojo8uGXlmIlGSA0NXNSYXK_rBs6idMrnuQUkd0kzlbapbUvSj0GDkDsRO6jG48ew7z9FnTkQUMy/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-11-03+at+2.00.23+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCj6uGM7yjDkCcLCfW0zPiP9wZMS5SFv7G4HZVZ5wRXNyy5odgy4GePa-jIO5CljKE0ojo8uGXlmIlGSA0NXNSYXK_rBs6idMrnuQUkd0kzlbapbUvSj0GDkDsRO6jG48ew7z9FnTkQUMy/s320/Screen+Shot+2013-11-03+at+2.00.23+PM.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image courtesy <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/27665395@N05/">27665395@N05</a></td></tr>
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Nowadays, campus police (generally at bigger schools) get their authority from state legislatures. Most states have state laws that give university police concurrent jurisdiction with other law enforcement. Some campus police departments have mutual aid agreements with nearby law enforcement agencies in case of an emergency. And the presence of campus police does not necessarily mean that municipal police are divested of jurisdiction on campus, even if campus police have primary jurisdiction. Private security guards (generally hired at smaller schools) cannot make arrests, but can be licensed to carry weapons.<br />
<br />
<b><u>For more</u>:</b><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><a href="http://www.iaclea.org/">International Association of Campus Law Enforcement Administrators</a> </li>
<li>Office of Justice Programs - Bureau of Justice Statistics - <a href="http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=tp&tid=76">Campus Law Enforcement</a></li>
<ul>
<li>Brian A. Reaves, Ph.D., Statistician, Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report, Campus Law Enforcement, 2004-05 February 2008, NCJ 219374 (<a href="http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cle0405.pdf">PDF</a>) (<a href="http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=411">report landing page</a>) (Source Data: <a href="http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=dcdetail&iid=247">2004-2005 Survey of Campus Law Enforcement Agencies</a>)</li>
</ul>
<li>Daniel Engber, Slate, <a href="http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2011/11/penn_state_scandal_should_campus_cops_have_reported_the_allegations_of_abuse_.html">Are Campus Police Like Regular Cops? </a>(Nov. 7, 2011) (in wake of Penn State Sandusky charges), largely similar to Daniel Engber, Slate, <a href="http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2007/04/what_can_campus_cops_do.html">What Can Campus Cops Do?</a> (Apr. 16, 2007) (in wake of Virginia Tech Shootings). </li>
<li>Harvard University Police Department - <a href="http://www.hupd.harvard.edu/faqs.php">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li>
<li>Yale University Public Safety, <a href="http://publicsafety.yale.edu/police/history-ypd">History of the YPD</a> (quoting Bill Wiser: "In 1894, Jim Donnelly and I were assigned by the chief of the New Haven police to duty the Yale campus. No policeman before this time had ventured on these sacred grounds, and the campus had come to be considered a place of refuge for students fleeing from the wrath of the city police . . . . The general belief on the force was that the Yale boys would never permit two policemen to live on campus.")</li>
<li>Barry T. Meek, Associate General Counsel, University of Virginia, The Virginia Court of Appeals Clarifies Jurisdiction of Campus Police Officers Acting under a Concurrent Jurisdiction Order with an Adjoining Locality, Virginia Police Legal Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 2 (Sept. 2007) (<a href="http://www.radford.edu/content/va-chiefs/home/september-2007/concurrent-jurisdiction.html">posted on Radford University website</a>) (<a href="http://www.vachiefs.org/vapleac/vplb/2-2/sept07_MeekPrint.htm">posted on vachiefs.org</a>)</li>
<li>Virginia Code Sections <a href="http://leg1.state.va.us/cgi-bin/legp504.exe?000+cod+23-232">23.232</a> through <a href="http://leg1.state.va.us/cgi-bin/legp504.exe?000+cod+23-236">23.236</a>; see also Hall v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 559 (1990) (campus police have jurisdiction in areas "immediately adjacent" to campus, and a parking lot across the street doesn't count); Commonwealth v. Borek, 68 Va. Cir. 323, 2005 WL 1862335 (2005) (campus police can't arrest someone driving drunk around Charlottesville, VA).</li>
<li>University of Oregon Police Department - <a href="http://police.uoregon.edu/content/authority">Current Statutory and Municipal Authority</a> (citing <a href="http://www.oregonlaws.org/ors/352.383">Oregon Revised Statutes 352.383</a>; <a href="http://www.oregonlaws.org/ors/352.385">352.385</a> (free from <a href="http://www.weblaws.org/cms/about_us">weblaws.org</a>); Eugene Municipal Code 4.035; 4.906 (<a href="http://www.eugene-or.gov/DocumentCenter/View/2693%E2%80%8E">Eugene Municipal Code - Chapter 4</a> - downloads PDF from www.eugene-or.gov).</li>
<li>California: </li>
<ul>
<li>University of California Police - <a href="http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=pen&group=00001-01000&file=830-832.17">Cal. Pen. Code 830.2(b)</a> (UCPD's primary duty is to enforce the law within the area specified in Cal. Ed. Code 92600); <a href="http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=edc&group=92001-93000&file=92600-92601">Cal. Ed. Code 92600</a> (UCPD officers have jurisdiction on University of California campuses, within a one-mile radius of the campus, and in and around property owned by the UC Regents).</li>
<li>California State University Police - <a href="http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=pen&group=00001-01000&file=830-832.17">Cal. Pen. Code 830.2(c)</a> (CSUPD's primary duty is to enforce the law within the area specified in Cal. Ed. Code 89560); <a href="http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=edc&group=89001-90000&file=89560-89561">Cal. Ed. Code 89560</a> (CSUPD officers have jurisdiction on California State University campuses, within a one-mile radius of the campus, and in and around property owned by--or on behalf of--the California State University).</li>
</ul>
<li>Colorado:</li>
<ul>
<li>Colorado Revised Statutes 16-2.5-148: Colorado state higher education police officer ("A Colorado state higher education police officer employed by a state institution of higher education pursuant to article 7.5 of title 24, C.R.S., is a peace officer whose authority shall include the enforcement of all laws of the state of Colorado and who shall be certified by the P.O.S.T. board."); Colorado Revised Statutes 24-7.5-101 through 25-6.5-106: Colorado Higher Education Police Officers; see especially Colorado Revised Statutes 24-7.5-103: Powers Conferred ("State higher education police officers . . . when operating on property owned or leased by the state institution of higher education, are granted all the powers conferred by law upon peace officers to carry weapons and make arrests. . . . When not on property owned or leased by the state institution of higher education, state higher education police officers shall not have any greater authority than that conferred upon peace officers by section 16-3-110, C.R.S."); Colorado Revised Statutes 16-3-110(b)(2) ("A peace officer shall have the authority to act in any situation in which a felony or misdemeanor has been or is being committed in such officer's presence, and such authority shall exist regardless of whether such officer is in the jurisdiction of the law enforcement agency that employs such officer or in some other jurisdiction within the state of Colorado or whether such officer was acting within the scope of such officer's duties when he or she observed the commission of the crime, when such officer has been authorized by such agency to so act. The local law enforcement agency having jurisdiction shall be immediately notified of the arrest and any person arrested shall be released to the custody of the local law enforcement agency."). Colorado Revised Statutes available <a href="http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/Colorado/">free to the public on LexisNexis</a> if you click a disclaimer, then search using the following form: C.R.S. 16-2.5-148.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
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<i>Thanks to S for this question!</i><br />
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The Law in Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08934625123458979204noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2119287642096529172.post-12865093536928592742013-11-02T08:41:00.001-07:002013-11-02T08:45:38.039-07:00Could we have a 51st state?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Some grumpy Northern Coloradoans have proposed seceding from Colorado and becoming a 51st state (called, creatively enough, "North Colorado").<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzH7MiFg5BWur0XvxLDhz_H1k7s-RQA8Zexjm4ZPo7CFx49va87v_4Q8pG4HtRaeBBeyvY-nY829UJvVnvZJ0M_M48Qr2erKOq23DDvWkBDHFMTCi5TCJ_ZHE6R2uA8QhHj-uZBwnWuIw/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-11-02+at+11.36.16+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzH7MiFg5BWur0XvxLDhz_H1k7s-RQA8Zexjm4ZPo7CFx49va87v_4Q8pG4HtRaeBBeyvY-nY829UJvVnvZJ0M_M48Qr2erKOq23DDvWkBDHFMTCi5TCJ_ZHE6R2uA8QhHj-uZBwnWuIw/s320/Screen+Shot+2013-11-02+at+11.36.16+AM.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image courtesy <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/walkingsf/">walkingsf</a></td></tr>
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New states are not entirely outside the realm of possibility. After all, the United States' state boundaries didn't magically spring forth from the earth pre-formed. Congress passed laws granting statehood as recently as 1959 (Alaska and Hawaii) and 1912 (New Mexico and Arizona). There is even precedent for secession: West Virginia seceded from Virginia in 1863.<br />
<br />
However, no matter how many Northern Coloradoans want to secede, Congress needs to approve each and every admission of a new state into the union. <a href="http://government.dc.gov/DC/Government/Data+&+Transparency/DC+Statehood">The District of Columbia Statehood Movement</a> and <a href="http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2013/10/economist-explains-15">Puerto Rico Statehood Movement </a>have not had much luck in the past.<br />
<br />
Stranger things have happened, but it's not likely we'll need to scrap our maps to add North Colorado any time soon.<br />
<br />
<b><u>For more</u>:</b><br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>An Act to provide for the admission of the State of Alaska into the Union ("Alaska Statehood Act"), <a href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-72/pdf/STATUTE-72-Pg339.pdf">Pub.L. 85-508, enacted Jul. 7, 1958, 72 Stat. 339</a>, (also <a href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/ak_statehood.asp">from the Yale Avalon Project</a>)</li>
<li>An Act to Provide for the Admission of the State of Hawaii into the Union ("Hawaii Admission Act"), <a href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-73/pdf/STATUTE-73-Pg4.pdf">Pub.L. 86–3, enacted Mar. 18, 1959</a>.</li>
<li>Enabling Act of 1910, 36 Stat. 557 (New Mexico, Arizona) (<a href="http://www.azleg.state.az.us/const/enabling.pdf">from the Arizona State Legislature</a>) (<a href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/61-2/s202">track votes</a>)</li>
<li>Enabling Act of 1906 (Oklahoma Enabling Act) (<a href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/topn/oklahoma_enabling_act_of_june_16_1906">from Cornell's Legal Information Institute</a>)</li>
<li>Enabling Act of 1889, 25 Stat. 676, enacted Feb. 22, 1889 (North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Washington) (<a href="http://www.leg.wa.gov/History/State/Pages/enabling.aspx">from the Washington State Legislature</a>)</li>
<li>Enabling Act of 1802, 2 Stat. 173, (Ohio) (<a href="http://research.archives.gov/description/299949">from the National Archives</a>); see also Seventh Congress, Session II, Chapter VII <a href="http://rs6.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=002/llsl002.db&recNum=238">An act to provide for the due execution of the laws of the United States, within the state of Ohio enacted Feb. 19, 1803</a>.</li>
<li>Andro Linklater, Measuring America: How the United States Was Shaped By the Greatest Land Sale in History (2003) (<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Measuring-America-United-Greatest-History/dp/0452284597/ref=pd_sim_b_6">Amazon</a>).</li>
<li>Mark Stein, How the States Got Their Shapes (2009) (<a href="http://www.amazon.com/How-States-Got-Their-Shapes/dp/0061431397/ref=pd_sim_sbs_b_2">Amazon</a>).</li>
<li>Gary Alden Smith, State and National Boundaries of the United States (<a href="http://www.amazon.com/State-National-Boundaries-United-States/dp/0786461187">Amazon</a>) (<a href="http://cascourses.uoregon.edu/geog471/pdfs/1206/smith.pdf">Chapter One: Introduction</a>)</li>
<li>Edwin Danson, Drawing the Line : How Mason and Dixon Surveyed the Most Famous Border in America (2000) (<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Drawing-Line-Surveyed-Famous-America/dp/0471385026/ref=pd_sim_b_3">Amazon</a>).</li>
<li>The History Channel's <a href="http://www.history.com/shows/how-the-states-got-their-shapes">How The States Got Their Shapes</a></li>
<li>7NEWS, <a href="http://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/local-news/51st-state-north-colorado-proposal-faces-opposition">51st state, North Colorado, proposal faces opposition</a> (Oct. 22, 2013). </li>
<li>51st State, <a href="http://www.51ststate.org/tp50/page.asp?id=314895">Status of My County</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
Jenn Henryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944799032503287247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2119287642096529172.post-20232006933053018662013-11-01T05:22:00.000-07:002013-11-01T05:24:50.123-07:00Are you required to have birth and death certificates? <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
The law is everywhere. It affects <a href="http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2010-08-05/news/bs-md-hermann-loitering-steps-20100805_1_loitering-steps-three-signs">how we act</a>, <a href="http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2010/11/san_francisco_passes_law_requi.html">what we eat</a>, <a href="http://homeguides.sfgate.com/flood-plain-zoning-62280.html">where we live</a>, and even <a href="http://www.startribune.com/local/north/99283739.html">how we talk</a>. There are laws for pretty much everything. It's like the law can't stand to be out of control!<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir03QvkwdZntd109KMLuXPJHZyvVKf1K6xetzW-FSsefUoMEk1kIBrl2cUKr6sK2XUhH4JR5XmQUZ6qVEoOG27FR2RmS7G1j7mghBQrCgd6c6mQ5nIaWzCcHecmPSolko3gK-ePQ_JE37R/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-11-01+at+8.19.33+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir03QvkwdZntd109KMLuXPJHZyvVKf1K6xetzW-FSsefUoMEk1kIBrl2cUKr6sK2XUhH4JR5XmQUZ6qVEoOG27FR2RmS7G1j7mghBQrCgd6c6mQ5nIaWzCcHecmPSolko3gK-ePQ_JE37R/s320/Screen+Shot+2013-11-01+at+8.19.33+AM.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image courtesy <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/crabchick/">crabchick</a></td></tr>
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<div>
But law can't legislate death away. So when the law confronts birth and death, what does it do? It requires registration of these important life events. (Not to mention lawmaking about euthanasia, contraception, sterilization, and abortion--topics that I will leave for another day.)</div>
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<div>
Federal law requires national collection and publication of vital statistics. Federal law can also require you to produce a state birth certificates for various activities, like <a href="http://travel.state.gov/passport/passport_5401.html">getting a passport</a> (or being President, <a href="http://www.salon.com/2012/06/07/orly_taitzs_birther_suit_backfires/singleton/">in Orly Taitz's universe</a>).</div>
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<div>
States also regulate vital statistics. Some states had vital statistics laws as early as the late 19th century, but generally they were not enforced until the early 20th century. Missouri, for example, repealed its 1883 vital statistics law in 1893 because most people were not complying (Missouri passed another vital statistics law in 1909, which stuck). Wisconsin passed a vital statistics law in 1852, but counties kept very few records before 1907.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
In the hospital, getting a birth or death certificate is pretty straightforward. But what if you are born or die at home?<br />
<br />
Home births can sometimes make registering a birth more difficult, though some midwifes assist in the process. Jurisdictions may require more proof of facts like the identity of the parents, the pregnancy of the mother, that the infant was born alive, that the birth occurred in the jurisdiction, and the identity of the witness of the birth.<br />
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For deaths, States like Texas require use of an Electronic Death Registration System.<br />
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And <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/23/us/a-front-yard-burial-in-alabama-no-matter-what.html?_r=0">being buried at home might get your relatives sued</a>! </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<b><u>For more</u>:</b></div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>On the law and death generally: Shai J. Lavi, The Modern Art of Dying: A History of Euthanasia in the United States (2007) (<a href="http://www.amazon.com/The-Modern-Art-Dying-Euthanasia/dp/0691133905">Amazon</a>) (<a href="http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i8039.html">sample chapter from Princeton</a>) (<a href="http://books.google.co.vi/books?id=zQIrewwv0NkC&pg=PR4&lpg=PR4&dq=shai+lavi+the+modern+art+of+dying&source=bl&ots=M3nVP7FvGd&sig=yQa4lQJuQCVmW6UnAhYuHiU1sEw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=h_dwUrzqH4zfsATf6ICYBg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=shai%20lavi%20the%20modern%20art%20of%20dying&f=false">Google Books</a>)</li>
<li>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/births.htm">National Vital Statistics System</a></li>
<li>Los Angeles County Vital Records Office - Birth Section - <a href="http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/dca/dcabirthhome.htm">Register Out-of-Hospital Births </a></li>
<li>Texas Department of State Health Services - <a href="http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/vs/edeath/">Texas Electronic Registrar - Death Registration</a>.</li>
<li>Campbell Robertson, Stevenson Journal, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/23/us/a-front-yard-burial-in-alabama-no-matter-what.html?_r=0">Giving a Wife Her Front-Yard Grave, No Matter What</a> (Oct. 22, 2013).</li>
<li>Travel.state.gov, a Service of the Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State, <a href="http://travel.state.gov/passport/passport_5401.html">New requirements for U.S. Birth Certificates</a> (updated Apr. 28, 2011); see also <a href="http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/retrieveECFR?gp=1&SID=2bcdf1fe59ec15c7df10edaad738b0fc&ty=HTML&h=L&n=22y1.0.1.6.32&r=PART#22:1.0.1.6.32.3.1.3">22 CFR § 51.42 Persons born in the United States applying for a passport for the first time. (a) Primary evidence of birth in the United States.</a></li>
<li>Alabama Vital Statistics Laws - <a href="http://www.adph.org/vitalrecords/assets/VitalStatsLaw.pdf">Code of Alabama, Title 22, Chapter 9A (1975)</a> </li>
<li>Alabama Vital Statistics Rules - <a href="http://www.adph.org/vitalrecords/assets/VitalStatsRules.pdf">Rules of Alabama State Board of Health, Alabama Department of Public Health, Chapter 420-7-1</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://olis.leg.state.or.us/liz/2013R1/Measures/Text/HB2093/Enrolled">Oregon House Bill 2093</a> (Vital Records Modernization Bill) (signed into law June 13, 2013)</li>
<li>Missouri Secretary of State - Research Room - Missouri Vital Records - <a href="http://www.sos.mo.gov/archives/resources/bdrecords.asp">Brief History of Vital Records in Missouri</a></li>
<li>State Library of North Carolina, Government and Heritage Library, <a href="http://statelibrary.ncdcr.gov/ghl/resources/genealogy/vitalrecords.html">How To: Sources for NC Vital Records</a></li>
<li>Wisconsin Historical Society, <a href="http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/genealogy/vitalrecords/">Vital Records</a></li>
</ul>
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The Law in Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08934625123458979204noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2119287642096529172.post-45543013399927887192013-10-28T18:01:00.002-07:002013-10-28T18:01:51.386-07:00Can't the law just fix underwater mortgages?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
California has been particularly hard hit by the foreclosure crisis. Many homes are underwater, meaning homeowners owe more on their home mortgage than the home is worth.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBZgKa_RFy9LQncL7yMdfxSRLTnzGUw-GQTtryhk5O9sYDrAsjloqC72rOXmXi_LplL2FG97gS7_In0PSqUkUkaorTF4nuC-o1o-yM-x5N2S5h1VZXvdAok0ejPgiZlavMCnLTfWiejJJB/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-10-27+at+12.09.38+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBZgKa_RFy9LQncL7yMdfxSRLTnzGUw-GQTtryhk5O9sYDrAsjloqC72rOXmXi_LplL2FG97gS7_In0PSqUkUkaorTF4nuC-o1o-yM-x5N2S5h1VZXvdAok0ejPgiZlavMCnLTfWiejJJB/s320/Screen+Shot+2013-10-27+at+12.09.38+PM.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image courtesy <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/shankbone/">shankbone</a></td></tr>
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Say a homeowner took out $500,000 at the height of the market to buy a house, but that house is now only worth $250,000 after the housing crisis. Homeowners are stuck--they cannot afford to pay their mortgage, but they cannot sell their homes to repay the mortgage, either.<br />
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It is in the bank's interest as well as the homeowner's to keep the homeowner in her home and making affordable loan payments. Ideally, the bank would reduce the amount the homeowner owes on the mortgage to match the home's diminished value. But for various reasons, it is hard to make principal reduction happen. One of these reasons is that banks are not always free to do what they want with the mortgages they created (or in Bankish, the mortgages that they "originated").<br />
<br />
Wait, what? Banks don't call the shots on the mortgages they originated? Here's why. Banks often "pool" mortgages and sell them to financial institutions (either government--think Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac--or investment banks), who in turn sell them to groups of investors. The banks can take the money they make selling off mortgages towards making new loans. Great idea, right? The risks of individual mortgages are evened out, and banks have the money to keep on churning out fresh loans.<br />
<br />
But there are consequences of this pooling system. Banks that sell off mortgages have to follow certain conditions laid out in "pooling and servicing" agreements. These pooling and servicing agreements are notoriously sloppy. When they were drafted, nobody expected things to go wrong. If you're in the mood to gouge your eyes out, you can <a href="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1102913/000088237702000424/0000882377-02-000424.txt">read through one of the disastrous things here</a>. Though pooling and servicing agreements often take away the banks' rights to modify the mortgages they sell, the example agreement I've chosen actually appears to grant banks authority to modify--but kind of tough to tell what exactly the bank is allowed to do under the agreement's murky language: "In order to minimize losses on defaulted mortgage assets, the servicer may. . . be permitted to modify mortgage assets that are in default or as to which a payment default appears imminent."<br />
<br />
If you're feeling brave, you can look to see if your own mortgage has a pooling and servicing agreement using these <a href="http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/JCS/disputeResolution/foreclosure/PSA.pdf">instructions from the Ohio Supreme Court</a>. Start <a href="http://www.sec.gov/edgar/searchedgar/companysearch.html">here</a> and put in your lender's name, look for the date your mortgage was made, click on the prospectus, then do a control + F for "modify" to see what the contract says about your bank/servicer's authority to modify. This process of finding your pooling and servicing agreement is one part art, one part science, and one part guesstimation, so please don't despair--it's not you, it really is just unnecessarily complicated and confusing.<br />
<br />
In pooling and servicing agreements, investors often freeze the original loan contract in place. As a result, the banks don't have the authority to modify the home loans. All that the bank can do under the contract is continue to collect mortgage payments and send them along to the investors who own the pool of mortgages.<br />
<br />
Again, everybody here is stuck: the homeowner is stuck in her home, the bank is stuck charging a homeowner according to the original plan, and both are locked in to an agreement by an depersonalized group of investors who have no relationship to either homeowner or bank.<br />
<br />
Enter law. The law can fix things, right? Well, people are trying a lot of different legal strategies to deal with underwater mortgages.<br />
<br />
State and federal governments tried to address part of the underwater home loan situation using litigation. In 2012, the Department of Justice, the District of Columbia, and 49 states' attorneys general (all <a href="http://newsok.com/oklahoma-is-lone-maverick-in-national-mortgage-settlement-signed-by-49-states/article/3647630">except Oklahoma</a>) sued the five major mortgage lenders: Bank of America, Wells Fargo, JP Morgan Chase, Ally/GMAC, and Citi. They brought the suit in the DC Circuit in March, and by April all five of the banks agreed to settle. The complaint specifically did not address the mortgage securitization issues we talked about above, like pooling and servicing agreements, but focused mostly on the banks' deceptive and unfair business practices in customer service (being uncommunicative, transferring homeowners to many different points of contact, foreclosing on a house while a homeowner was applying for a modification, etc.).<br />
<br />
Local governments are talking about using another controversial strategy: seizing underwater home loans using eminent domain. About two dozen local governments are considering these strategies, in California (<a href="http://blog.pe.com/cassie-macduff/2013/09/06/mortgages-eminent-domain-plan-didnt-fly-in-inland-area/">San Bernardino County</a>, the <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/01/eminent-domain-mortgages_n_1917391.html?utm_hp_ref=business">City of Sacramento</a>, the <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/10/05/richmonds-rules-why-one-california-town-is-keeping-wall-street-up-at-night/">City of Richmond</a>) and across the country (<a href="http://www.housingwire.com/articles/chicago-considers-eminent-domain-seize-underwater-mortgages">Chicago, IL</a>, <a href="http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2013/sep/04/faqs-about-controversial-mortgage-program-under-co/">North Las Vegas, NV</a>, Detroit, MI, Suffolk County, NY, <a href="http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/13/08/07/nj-cities-consider-unusual-step-to-help-homeowners-with-lower-values-high-mortgages/">Newark and Irvington, NJ</a>). San Francisco-based venture capital for-profit firm Mortgage Resolution Partners has been pitching the idea to local governments across the country.<br />
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The way eminent domain would work with underwater mortgages is roughly as follows: governments would seize the mortgages and pay the investors (generally pension funds and money market accounts) fair market value for them. Local governments would then sell the mortgages to a new investor, which would generate the money to pay fair market value for other underwater mortgages. Sound familiar? It's similar to the process banks use to service mortgages, just with a local government stepping in to press the "re-set" button.<br />
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Would a "re-set" be fair to the people who depend on those pension funds and money market accounts (like those who depend on the <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/30/richmond-eminentdomain-calpers-idUSL2N0HM2G920130930">California Public Employee Retirement System</a>)? Would those funds have any chance of getting the money they expected, anyway?<br />
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We don't know yet. And we may have to wait to get the answer.<br />
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The question has not yet been properly brought before a court. Judge Charles Breyer of the District Court for the Northern District of California recently <a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/169064603/78-Order-Granting-MTD">dismissed a complaint that Wells Fargo filed against the City of Richmond</a>--because nothing has happened yet, the claim was not yet ripe for adjudication.<br />
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<b>NOTE: </b>There are many folks out there with more expertise on this complex subject than I have. Please, as always, feel free to forward your corrections to thelawinlife@gmail.com.<br />
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<b><u>For more</u>:</b><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Katharine Roller, Note: <a href="http://www.michiganlawreview.org/assets/pdfs/112/Roller.pdf">The Constitutionality of Using Eminent Domain to Condemn Underwater Mortgage Loans</a>, 112 Mich. L. Rev. 139 (Oct. 2013).</li>
<li>Robert C. Hockett, <a href="http://ssrn.com/%20abstract=2038029">It Takes a Village: Municipal Condemnation Proceedings and Public/Private Partnerships for Mortgage Loan Modification, Value Preservation, and Economic Recovery</a>, Cornell Law School, Research Paper No. 12-12 (Jun. 1, 2012).</li>
<li>Robert C. Hockett, <a href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2173358&rec=1&srcabs=2038029.&alg=1&pos=2">Paying Paul and Robbing No One: An Eminent Domain Solution for Underwater Mortgage Debt</a>, Cornell Law School, Research Paper No. 12-64 (Jun. 1, 2013).</li>
<li>Jason Renker, Robert C. Hockett, The Blog of the Century, The Century Foundation, <a href="http://tcf.org/blog/detail/using-eminent-domain-to-solve-the-home-mortgage-crisis">Using Eminent Domain to Solve the Home Mortgage Crisis: Five Questions for Robert C. Hockett</a> (Aug. 20, 2013). </li>
<li>Lydia DePillis, Washington Post, <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/10/05/richmonds-rules-why-one-california-town-is-keeping-wall-street-up-at-night/">Richmond’s rules: Why one California town is keeping Wall Street up at night</a> (Oct. 5, 2013).</li>
<li>Nestor M. Davidson, <a href="http://www.bu.edu/bulawreview/files/2013/04/DAVIDSON1.pdf">New Formalism in the Aftermath of the Housing Crisis</a>, 93 Bost. U. L. Rev. 389 (2013).</li>
<li>1:12-cv-00361, U.S., et. al, v. Bank of America, et. al., Complaint (Docket Entry #1, filed Mar. 14, 2012); see also Bank of America <a href="http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/hce/documents/scra_boa_settle.pdf">Consent Judgment</a> (Docket Entry #11, filed Apr. 4, 2012); see also <a href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCOURTS-dcd-1_12-cv-00361/pdf/USCOURTS-dcd-1_12-cv-00361-0.pdf">opinion denying motion to enforce consent judgment</a> (Docket Entry #53, filed Feb. 12, 2013). </li>
<li><a href="http://www.nationalmortgagesettlement.com/">National Mortgage Settlement</a></li>
<li><a href="http://californiamonitor.org/">The California Monitor</a>, a program of the California Attorney General</li>
<li>Nick Timiraos, Wall Street Journal Blog, <a href="http://blogs.wsj.com/developments/2012/09/20/will-regulators-halt-eminent-domain-loan-seizures/">Will Regulators Halt Eminent Domain Loan Seizures?</a> (Sept. 20, 2012). </li>
<li>Shalia Dewan, New York Times, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/30/business/in-a-shift-eminent-domain-saves-homes.html?_r=0">A City Invokes Seizure Laws to Save Homes</a> (Jul. 29, 2013).</li>
<li>Martha Neil, ABA Journal Real Estate & Property Law, <a href="http://www.abajournal.com/mobile/article/city_moves_forward_with_controversial_mortgage_rescue_plan_backed_by_eminen">City moves forward with controversial mortgage rescue plan, backed by eminent domain power</a> (Aug. 7, 2013).</li>
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The Law in Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08934625123458979204noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2119287642096529172.post-954402366803251542013-10-26T18:42:00.003-07:002013-10-27T05:31:56.795-07:00What has changed about airport security since the last time you went through it? <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Last year, Congress passed a bill that changed how body scanners work at the airport. TSA agents will no longer see an image of your naked body that looks <a href="http://images.businessweek.com/ss/10/01/0107_airport_security_technology/6.htm">like this</a> -- they will see a generalized graphic that looks <a href="http://blog.tsa.gov/2013/01/rapiscan-backscatter-contract.html">like this</a>. The bill went into effect this summer.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZZb7d2sFZB3FCL5ahMCDTUgHyny9A4B3gkOJ112n8lKudIaQxg5xCWvC4-Is86qvK8N-JAZ2-RSyHIWGNQiLtxfrsfKyw2w_G1ftEFlC2jIVEm9VjhWxAAPMgYJkTIB-jKt5spnG-SfM/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-10-26+at+9.06.42+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZZb7d2sFZB3FCL5ahMCDTUgHyny9A4B3gkOJ112n8lKudIaQxg5xCWvC4-Is86qvK8N-JAZ2-RSyHIWGNQiLtxfrsfKyw2w_G1ftEFlC2jIVEm9VjhWxAAPMgYJkTIB-jKt5spnG-SfM/s320/Screen+Shot+2013-10-26+at+9.06.42+PM.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Image courtesy <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/33671002@N00/">niiicedave</a></td></tr>
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The story begins with the Christmas "underwear bomber." On December 25, 2009, Umar Farouk AbdulMutallab attempted to detonate a device onboard Northwest Airlines Flight 253 as the plane neared its destination of Detroit, Michigan. The device started a fire inside the plane, but only AbdulMutallab and a few fellow passengers were injured (<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/27/us/27plane.html?_r=0">including Jasper Schuringa and other passengers</a> who helped put out the fire and restrain AbdulMutallab).</div>
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AbdulMutallab had boarded the plane on a leg of the flight from Lagos, Nigeria, to Amsterdam without going through a full body scan. The plastic explosive ingredients in AbdulMutallab's underwear (including pentaerythritol tetranitrate) are not detectable by metal detector.</div>
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Shortly after the "underwear bomber" incident, the Transportation Security Administration ("TSA") installed body scanners in airports throughout the country. At their peak, about 180 body scanners were in use in airports throughout the United States.</div>
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Many have raised health concerns or concerns that the body scanners are not effective, but Congress has acted primarily in response to privacy concerns. In 2012, Congress passed The FAA Modernization and Reform Act, which required all body scanners to employ Automated Target Recognition software that does not display an image of the airline passenger's naked body. The Act initially set a deadline of June 1, 2012, that was later extended to June 1, 2013. </div>
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Despite the extension, Rapiscan Systems failed to upgrade the airport body scanners to use Automated Target Recognition software. As a result, TSA ended the "backscatter contract" with the Hawthorne, CA-based security company. The contract was originally worth multiple millions of dollars. The Rapiscan body scanners are now being replaced with radio body scanners built by L-3 Communications Holdings.</div>
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A few Harvard Law students filed <i>Redfern, et al. v. Napolitano, et al.</i>, a pro se civil rights challenge to TSA's use of the body scanners. In July, the <a href="http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca1/11-1805/106554631/">First Circuit Court of Appeals dismissed the claim as moot</a> because the full body image body scanners were already being phased out.</div>
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<b>NOTE: </b>You have the option to <a href="http://blog.tsa.gov/2012/11/opting-out-of-ait-body-scanners.html">opt-out of a body scan</a>. To opt out, ask the TSA agent to opt out before you are sent through the line. (See <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aMeVd-myQU0">Ana Mana's experience opting out at LAX</a> on YouTube.)</div>
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<b><u>For more</u>:</b></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><i>Redfern, et al. v. Napolitano, et al.</i>, Civ. No. 11-1805, United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, Doc. No. 106554631 (Filed Jul. 11, 2013) (opinion <a href="http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca1/11-1805/106554631/">available on Justia</a>).</li>
<li><a href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/49/44901">49 USC § 44901 - Screening passengers and property</a> - (l) Limitations on Use of Advanced Imaging Technology for Screening Passengers. ("Beginning June 1, 2012, the Assistant Secretary of Homeland Security (Transportation Security Administration) shall ensure that any advanced imaging technology used for the screening of passengers under this section is equipped with and employs automatic target recognition software; and complies with such other requirements as the Assistant Secretary determines necessary to address privacy considerations.")</li>
<li><a href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr658/text">The FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012</a> SEC. 826. Privacy Protections for Air Passengers Screening with Advanced Imaging Technology (amending 49 U.S.C. § 44901) (see also the <a href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CRPT-112hrpt381/pdf/CRPT-112hrpt381.pdf">Conference Report</a>).</li>
<li>Bob Burns, TSA Blog Team, <a href="http://blog.tsa.gov/2013/01/rapiscan-backscatter-contract.html">Rapiscan Backscatter Contract Terminated – Units to be Removed</a> (Jan. 18, 2013). </li>
<li>Blogger Bob, TSA Blog Team, <a href="http://blog.tsa.gov/2011/07/tsa-takes-further-steps-to-enhance.html">TSA Takes Further Steps to Enhance Passenger Privacy on Millimeter Wave Machines Nationwide</a> (Jul. 20, 2011).</li>
<li>Hugo Martin, LA Times, <a href="http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jan/17/business/la-fi-mo-fullbody-scanner-contract-20130117">TSA ends contract with Rapiscan, maker of full-body scanner</a> (Jan. 17, 2013).</li>
<li>Ron Nixon, NY Times, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/19/us/tsa-to-remove-invasive-body-scanners.html?_r=0">Unpopular Full-Body Scanners to Be Removed From Airports</a> (Jan. 18, 2013).</li>
<li>David Ariosto and Deborah Feyerick, CNN, <a href="http://edition.cnn.com/2012/02/16/justice/michigan-underwear-bomber-sentencing/">Christmas Day bomber sentenced to life in prison</a> (Feb. 17, 2012). </li>
<li>Josh Margolin, NY Post, <a href="http://nypost.com/2012/05/10/congress-full-body-airport-scanners-wouldnt-have-caught-underwear-bomber/">Congress: full-body airport scanners wouldn’t have caught underwear bomber</a> (May 10, 2012). </li>
<li>PBS Newshour, <a href="http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/science/july-dec11/backscatter_12-01.html">For Frequent Fliers, How Big a Concern Is Backscatter Body Scan Radiation?</a> (Dec. 1, 2011).</li>
<li>Michael Grabell, ProPublica, <a href="http://www.propublica.org/article/u.s.-government-glossed-over-cancer-concerns-as-it-rolled-out-airport-x-ray">U.S. Government Glossed Over Cancer Concerns As It Rolled Out Airport X-Ray Scanners</a> (Nov. 1, 2011); see also <a href="http://www.propublica.org/article/fda-responds-to-propublica-story-on-x-ray-body-scanners">FDA Responds to ProPublica Story on X-Ray Body Scanners</a></li>
<li>Christopher Elliott, Huffington Post Blog, <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/christopher-elliott/3-troubling-ways-the-tsa-_b_2435503.html">3 Troubling Ways The TSA Punishes Passengers Who Opt Out</a> (Jan. 9, 2013).</li>
<li>William Saletan, Slate, <a href="http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/human_nature/2010/11/this_junk_wont_fly.html">This Junk Won't Fly - The idiocy of airport-scanner "Opt-Out Day"</a> (Nov. 22, 2010). </li>
<li>Nathaniel Rich, NY Times Opinion Pages, <a href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/25/showdown-at-the-airport-body-scanner/">Showdown at the Airport Body Scanner</a> (May 25, 2013).</li>
<li>Wendy Thomson, TSA News Blog, <a href="http://tsanewsblog.com/9712/news/a-fourth-amendment-legal-challenge-to-the-tsa-scanners/">A Fourth Amendment legal challenge to the TSA scanners</a> (Mar. 7, 2013). </li>
<li><a href="http://tsastatus.net/">TSA Status</a></li>
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Jenn Henryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944799032503287247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2119287642096529172.post-52976564167800475232013-10-24T18:46:00.002-07:002013-10-27T03:57:16.400-07:00Why do we observe daylight savings time?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Ahh, falling back. Daylight Savings Time ends at 2:00 a.m. on November 3, 2013, when people in many parts of the world will turn clocks back to 1:00 a.m. for a bizarre do-over of 1:00 a.m. to 2:00 a.m. that day. Even as we remember the sting of springing forward, "getting an extra hour" in the morning feels sooooo good.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh958GsXQTrKRbwZlO7wA1RXneuvzxccvwiL2ew5QgF58Y-hztrNRNqEm6Ld0ik91Wt-GQQPCywMHEFqZkKer_IEBBG2zKOIGr6a9lul6QgL50HYfBz6jEIirXLTt7hTVgzbUaG7RZwoDdS/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-10-24+at+9.43.22+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh958GsXQTrKRbwZlO7wA1RXneuvzxccvwiL2ew5QgF58Y-hztrNRNqEm6Ld0ik91Wt-GQQPCywMHEFqZkKer_IEBBG2zKOIGr6a9lul6QgL50HYfBz6jEIirXLTt7hTVgzbUaG7RZwoDdS/s320/Screen+Shot+2013-10-24+at+9.43.22+PM.png" width="193" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image courtesy <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/quinndombrowski/">quinndombrowski</a>.</td></tr>
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But the rationale for Daylight Savings Time is not to gain that extra hour of sleep in the fall. It's for that extra hour of daylight in the summer. During summer months, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DaylightSaving-World-Subdivisions.png">some parts of the world</a> advance their clocks one hour to maximize evening daylight hours, in theory saving energy required to light evening activities before bed.<br />
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Kind of crazy, until you realize that historically, many societies depended so heavily on the sunlight that they measured the day in unequal hours (e.g. Talmudic hours), where an hour meant a certain fraction of the daylight--anywhere from 44 to 75 minutes long, depending on the season.<br />
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Thinking about time as a social and legal construct makes my head hurt a little bit. It made 20th Century America's head hurt a little bit, too. In the United States, the Standard Time Act of March 19, 1918 established standard time zones and the first observance of Daylight Standard Time as an energy saving effort. Daylight Standard Time was unpopular and was abolished until World War II, when it enjoyed another nationwide stint from 1942-1945. Since 1945, the question of whether to observe Daylight Savings Time has been up to the states. Although the 1966 Uniform Time Act expressly superseded state laws, the Act allowed leeway for 1) entire states or 2) entire portions of a state within a given time zone to exempt themselves from Daylight Savings Time. Arizona, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands do not observe Daylight Savings Time.<br />
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Native nations are free to observe or not observe Daylight Savings Time. The Navajo Nation in Arizona, for example, observes Daylight Savings Time. The Hopi Reservation does not, despite being surrounded by the Navajo Nation. In fact, in <a href="https://maps.google.com/maps?q=tuba+city,+az&client=safari&oe=UTF-8&hnear=Tuba+City,+Coconino,+Arizona&t=m&z=12">Tuba City, AZ</a>, the time zone can change across the street.<br />
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<b><u>For more</u>:</b></div>
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<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html">U.S. Constitution</a>, Article I, Section 8, Clause 5: Weights and Measures ("Congress shall have the power . . . To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures")</li>
<li><a href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/260a">15 USC § 260a - Advancement of time or changeover dates</a> (via Cornell University Legal Information Institute)</li>
<li>The Uniform Time Act of 1966, <a href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-80/pdf/STATUTE-80-Pg107.pdf">Pub. L. No. 89–387</a>, 80 Stat. 107; see also The Energy Policy Act of 2005 (<a href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-109publ58/pdf/PLAW-109publ58.pdf">Pub. L. No. 109-58</a>), which changed Daylight Savings Time dates.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol01_Ch0001-0042F/HRS0001/HRS_0001-0031.HTM">§1-31 Hawaiian standard time; definition; observance. </a></li>
<li>Salvador Rodriguez, Cronkite News, <a href="http://cronkitenewsonline.com/2012/03/what-time-is-it-in-arizona-it-depends-on-where-youre-standing/">What time is it? In Arizona, it depends on where you're standing</a> (Mar. 9, 2012).</li>
<li>Jennifer Vernon, National Geographic, <a href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/03/0330_040330_daylightsavings.html">The History of Daylight Saving Time</a> (Mar. 31, 2006). </li>
<li>David B. Belzer, U.S. Department of Energy, <a href="http://www1.eere.energy.gov/analysis/pdfs/epact_sec_110_edst_report_to_congress_2008.pdf">Impact of Extended Daylight Saving Time on National Energy Consumption</a> (Oct. 2008). </li>
<li>Oliver B. Pollack, <a href="http://www.historytoday.com/oliver-b-pollack/efficiency-preparedeness-and-conservation-daylight-savings-time-movement">Efficiency, Preparedeness and Conservation: The Daylight Savings Time Movement</a>, History Today Volume: 31 Issue: 3, 1981.</li>
<li>Ann Dewar, <a href="http://www.historytoday.com/ann-dewar/history-hansard%E2%80%94ii-daylight-saving">History from Hansard—II: Daylight Saving</a>, History Today Volume: 2 Issue: 10, 1952.</li>
<li>David Prerau, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Seize-Daylight-Curious-Contentious-Saving/dp/1560257962/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1382665859&sr=1-1&keywords=1560257962">Seize the Daylight: The Curious and Contentious Story of Daylight Saving Time </a>(2006) (Amazon)</li>
<li>Michael Downing, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Spring-Forward-Annual-Madness-Daylight/dp/B001G8WASK/ref=pd_sim_sbs_b_1">Spring Forward: The Annual Madness of Daylight Saving Time</a> (2005)</li>
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Jenn Henryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944799032503287247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2119287642096529172.post-52727176636029867952013-10-22T04:26:00.000-07:002013-10-22T04:30:00.398-07:00Why don't rabbit ears work on my TV anymore? <span style="font-family: inherit;">Television was once transmitted in analog format in the United States.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0t16Sow8oQ_5XC1jwMmy4vOzlJb0Um9Ia1F1oaHN_N205_mKlDSf4PskdXmQvBy0pp3zuUUxyYPU9GktmbfWQqhoyFa_EAW0rP61EUrcGUjKO3jAiW_1d5fz3KGh_R9US9m7rtmuZTGer/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-10-21+at+8.34.02+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0t16Sow8oQ_5XC1jwMmy4vOzlJb0Um9Ia1F1oaHN_N205_mKlDSf4PskdXmQvBy0pp3zuUUxyYPU9GktmbfWQqhoyFa_EAW0rP61EUrcGUjKO3jAiW_1d5fz3KGh_R9US9m7rtmuZTGer/s320/Screen+Shot+2013-10-21+at+8.34.02+AM.png" width="245" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Image courtesy <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/sarahdeer/">sarahdeer</a>. Remember these?</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">However, analog is an inefficient broadcast method and uses a lot of bandwidth.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Worldwide, many countries have begun to make the switch to digital, including the United States in 2009 and Canada in 2011. The Geneva 2006 Agreement sets June 17, 2015 as the date when countries will no longer be required to worry about interfering with their neighboring countries' analog TV stations--a date many are treating as the analog cutoff date.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Proponents of digital television argue that the switch has significant benefits for spectrum efficiency, and that the switchover will free up frequencies for public safety transmissions and expanding wireless Internet access.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">In 1996, Congress authorized giving every full power television station another channel so they could transmit analog and digital television signals simultaneously (a "simulcast"). Initially, the Digital Transition and Public Safety Act of 2005 set the date when stations were required to stop transmitting analog signals as February 17, 2009. The 2005 Act also established the DTV Converter Box Coupon Program, which provided people (but <a href="http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=98835220">not prisons</a>) with up to $80 in coupons to purchase digital-to-analog converter boxes so that they could continue to receive free television broadcasts without needing to purchase cable. The voucher program involved delays and waiting lists, and $40 was not always enough to cover the costs of a converter box. Two weeks before the cutoff date, Congress passed the DTV Delay Act to extend the cutoff date to June 12, 2009, at 11:59 p.m. Many stations went ahead and switched off their analog stations in February, anyway.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The Coupon Program was not the only controversy to plague the Digital Television Transition. The transition mainly affected those who have older television sets and do not pay for cable, and would doubtless affect low-income persons more than higher income persons. Some argued that senior citizens would have difficulty making the transition from analog to digital. Electronics recyclers estimated that one in four households would discard at least one television as a result of the transition. Some rural viewers, who get their TV signal from a translator antenna instead of directly from the station, were unable to receive the digital signal even after installing a converter box--because the translator antennas failed to make the transition.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">But don't throw away those rabbit ear dipole antennas yet -- you can still <a href="http://lifehacker.com/5876388/set-up-your-rabbit-ears-for-maximum-reception">try to use them to pick up a digital signal</a>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><br /></b>
<b><u>For more</u>:</b></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Federal Communications Commission - FCC Encyclopedia - <a href="http://www.fcc.gov/digital-television">Digital Television</a> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Digital Transition and Public Safety Act of 2005 (<a href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-109publ171/html/PLAW-109publ171.htm">109th Congress Public Law 171, The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005, Title III/Sec. 3000, DIGITAL TELEVISION TRANSITION AND PUBLIC SAFETY</a>)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">DTV Delay Act (<a href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-111publ4/html/PLAW-111publ4.htm">111th Congress Public Law 4, DTV DELAY ACT</a>)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">U.S. Department of Commerce - National Telecommunications and Information Administration - <a href="http://www.ntia.doc.gov/legacy/dtvcoupon/index.html">Digital Television Transition and Public Safety</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Digital Terrestrial Television Action Group - <a href="http://www.digitag.org/ASO/ASOHandbook.pdf">Analog Switchoff - Learning from Experiences in Europe</a> (2008) </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.itu.int/pub/R-ACT-RRC.14-2006/en">Final Acts of the Regional Radiocommunication Conference for planning of the digital terrestrial broadcasting service in parts of Regions 1 and 3, in the frequency bands 174-230 MHz and 470-862 MHz (RRC-06) Geneva, 2006</a> (only the table of contents is freely available here)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">International Telecommunication Union, Press Release, <a href="http://www.itu.int/newsroom/press_releases/2006/11.html">Digital broadcasting set to transform communication landscape by 2015: Accord is major step in implementing World Summit on the Information Society objectives</a> (June 16, 2006) </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Eliot Van Buskirk, Wired, Wired Business, <a href="http://www.wired.com/business/2009/02/how-the-governm/">How We Bungled the Digital Television Transition</a> (Feb. 20, 2009). </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">National Association of Area Agencies on Aging (N4A) - <a href="http://www.bhsj.org/Publications/pressreleases/2008/2008-12%20December/dtvfactsheet-web.pdf">The 2009 Digital Television Transition and Seniors</a> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Florida Department of Environmental Protection - Division of Waste Management - <a href="http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/quick_topics/publications/shw/electronics/TV/DEPDigitalConversionFAQ022509.pdf">Television: The June 12, 2009 (previously February 17, 2009) transition to digitalsignal and what it means for television owners</a> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Howard Berkes, NPR, Morning Edition, <a href="http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=101541768">Digital TV Goes Dark For Some Rural Viewers</a> (Mar. 9, 2009). </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Howard Berkes, NPR, All Things Considered, <a href="http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=100831113">Early Switch to Digital Has Viewers Seeking Help</a> (Feb. 18, 2009). </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Catherine Welch, NPR, All Things Considered, <a href="http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=98835220">Prisons Excluded from DTV Coupon Programs</a> (Dec. 30, 2008). </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Northern California Public Broadcasting - KQED - <a href="http://www.kqed.org/tv/help/dtv-transition.jsp">Digital TV Transition</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Thirteen WNET New York Public Media, <a href="http://www.thirteen.org/about/digital-transition/digital-tv-transition-new-update-and-faq/">Digital TV Transition: new update and FAQ</a> (Jun. 17, 2009). </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Consumer Reports, Electronics & Computers, <a href="http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/electronics-computers/news-electronics-computers/pulling-the-plug-on-analog-tv-206/index.htm">How to Survive the Digital TV Transition</a> (Feb. 2008). </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Thorin Klosowski, Lifehacker, <a href="http://lifehacker.com/5876388/set-up-your-rabbit-ears-for-maximum-reception">Set Up Your Rabbit Ears for Maximum Reception</a> (Jan. 16, 2012). </span></li>
</ul>
The Law in Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08934625123458979204noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2119287642096529172.post-72620693535299243702013-10-20T07:19:00.003-07:002013-10-21T04:48:11.421-07:00Why can houses be haunted as a matter of law? Houses are like boyfriends. No matter how they look on paper, often it is a certain <i>je ne sais quoi</i> that makes or breaks the deal.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8Tz2DLmwEB5xOZWeet3y38OMlzZfivb2KeAaNdWwMmS1uo0P7mF4-dpqWu5U2vinJSJBOJPRuNUuEOvRIujJN735AIHDM2GRk3Zm9NOR2t8t57j8CWV1rZeivH3pexctgcpd1uSexiZ10/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-10-20+at+9.48.40+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8Tz2DLmwEB5xOZWeet3y38OMlzZfivb2KeAaNdWwMmS1uo0P7mF4-dpqWu5U2vinJSJBOJPRuNUuEOvRIujJN735AIHDM2GRk3Zm9NOR2t8t57j8CWV1rZeivH3pexctgcpd1uSexiZ10/s320/Screen+Shot+2013-10-20+at+9.48.40+AM.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image courtesy <a href="http://www.flickr.com/smemon">smemon</a>. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Sometimes, that house's <i>je ne sais quoi</i> is its haunted stigma.<br />
<br />
Every year around Halloween time, we legal nerds trot out <i>Stambovsky v. Ackley</i>, the "haunted as a matter of law" case. Yes, as the detractors shall say, the case has little precedential value--judges nationwide aren't running around declaring things haunted as a matter of law every day. It's mostly relevant for people trying to sell historic homes in New York. So why are we still talking about it?<br />
<br />
The case has staying power for two reasons: 1) we love a good story about something that is true in law and dubious in fact (see also <a href="http://thelawinlife.blogspot.com/2013/10/why-can-you-be-alive-in-fact-and.html">the story of the man who failed to convince a court that he was not legally dead</a>); 2) we love when the law reflects our values, even when they aren't rational. Well, OK, and 3) we love when the law, ordinarily so serious and formal, has a sense of humor. Justice Israel Rubin--or probably more accurately, his ghostwriting law clerk--does not disappoint us in the opinion he writes for the <i>Stambovsky </i>majority, peppering his opinion with ghost puns, <i>Ghostbusters</i> references, and a quote from the ghost in <i>Hamlet</i>.<br />
<br />
The story behind <i>Stambovsky</i> is simple enough. In 1989, Helen Ackley tried to sell her <a href="https://maps.google.com/maps?q=1+LaVeta+Place,+nyack&client=safari&oe=UTF-8&hnear=1+Laveta+Pl,+Nyack,+New+York+10960&t=m&z=16">ginormous mansion in Nyack, New York</a>, to Jeffrey and Patrice Stambovsky. The Stambovskys put down a $32,500 deposit. All appeared to be going well, until an architect mentioned to the Stambovskys in passing that they were buying "the haunted house." Indeed, several newspaper articles (the <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/20/nyregion/phones-ringing-eerily-for-nyack-spook-home.html">New York Times</a>, Reader's Digest) had covered the house as haunted. This particularly upset Patrice, who refused to move in to the house. The Stambovskys sued, claiming Ackley should have warned them about the haunting like any other home defect, and demanded their deposit back. The state trial court dismissed their claim, and the Stambovskys appealed. The opinion we read is the appellate opinion, which ruled in the Stambovskys' favor (specifically, that the Stambovskys' claim for rescission should be reinstated in the state court without them having to pay the filing fee again, which is a definite win). The parties then settled out of court: the Stambovskys paid Ackley $5,000, and she let them out of the contract.<br />
<br />
As <a href="http://as.vanderbilt.edu/english/bio/colin-dayan">Colin Dayan</a> reveals in <i>The Law is a White Dog</i>, cases like <i>Stambovsky</i> have a long history. She quotes Andreas Becker's 1700 doctoral thesis, <i>Disputatio Juridica de Jure Spectrorum</i> (Juridical Disputation on the Law of Ghosts), which talks about selling haunted houses in eerily similar language:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
If a house is sold and the purchaser finds it haunted, can he demand a rescinding of the contract of sale? Yes, if the specters had infested the house before the sale, and he had not known it. His action would be de dolo [about trickery], and he might be aided by an actio ad redhibendum [action for recovery]. Proof of guilty knowledge on the part of the owner might be difficult, and the best means would be per delationem juramenti [by deposing an oath].</blockquote>
Three hundred years later, hauntings and other stigmas still have a real financial impact on the value of a house. Realtor.com recently conducted <a href="http://www.realtor.com/news/survey-most-people-open-to-buying-a-haunted-house/">an online survey of more than 1,400 respondents:</a> many would expect a discount on a haunted house, and more than a third would refuse to buy the house entirely.<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b><u>For more</u>:</b><br />
<ul>
<li><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=3290684836490834623&hl=en&as_sdt=6&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr"><i>Stambovsky v. Ackley</i>, 169 A.D.2d 254 (N.Y. App. Div. 1991).</a></li>
<li>James Barron, <i>New York Times</i>, <span id="goog_1537931222"></span><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/20/nyregion/phones-ringing-eerily-for-nyack-spook-home.html">Phones Ringing (Eerily?) For Nyack Spook Home</a><span id="goog_1537931223"></span> (Mar. 20, 1990). </li>
<li>ContractsProf Blog, <a href="http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/contractsprof_blog/2005/11/stambovsky_v_ac.html">Stambovsky v. Ackley Case Resources</a> (Nov. 14, 2005).</li>
<li>Colin Dayan, <i>The Law is a White Dog: How Legal Rituals Make and Unmake Persons </i>(2011) (the whole book on <a href="http://www.amazon.com/The-Law-Is-White-Dog/dp/0691157871">Amazon</a>) (parts of the book on <a href="http://books.google.co.vi/books?id=FNGzBMTnGe4C&pg=PA259&lpg=PA259&dq=Sir+George,+The+Ghost+of+Nyack+by+Bill+Merrill+%26+Glenn+Johnson+(Deer+Publishing,+Beaverton,+OR).&source=bl&ots=IdZzm0v957&sig=hKsQxxC4Xl9yEwNqPKTH3vxzb-k&hl=en&sa=X&ei=sNhjUtPNAYTU9QTO-4Eg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Sir%20George%2C%20The%20Ghost%20of%20Nyack%20by%20Bill%20Merrill%20%26%20Glenn%20Johnson%20(Deer%20Publishing%2C%20Beaverton%2C%20OR).&f=false">Google Books</a>) (<a href="http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9450.pdf">Chapter One: Holy Dogs, Hecuba's Bark</a> from Princeton).</li>
<li>Bill Merrill & Glenn Johnson, <i>Sir George: The Ghost Of Nyack</i> (1995) (on <a href="http://www.amazon.com/George-Ghost-Nyack-Merrill-Johnson/dp/1883832055/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1382275270&sr=1-1&keywords=1883832055">Amazon</a>).</li>
<li>Courtney Minick, Justia: <a href="http://onward.justia.com/2010/10/27/ghost-post/">Paranormal Law</a> (Oct. 27, 2010). </li>
<li>Bill Batson, <i>Nyack News and Views</i>, <a href="http://www.nyacknewsandviews.com/2012/10/nyack-sketch-log-1-poltergeist-place/">Nyack Sketch Log: 1 Poltergeist Place, Nyack NY?</a> (Oct. 30, 2012) (with a lovely sketch of the home).</li>
<li>Nicholas Jackson, wythe, Atlas Obscura, <a href="http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/the-ghost-of-nyack">The Ghost of Nyack</a> (with photos of the home). </li>
<li>John Patrick Schutz, At Home in Nyack, <a href="http://athomeinnyack.wordpress.com/2010/10/29/nyacks-legally-haunted-house/">Nyack’s “Legally” Haunted House</a> (Oct. 29, 2010).</li>
<li>Sanette Tanaka, <i>Wall Street Journal</i>, <a href="http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304066404579129783339085784">'Haunted' House? A Tough Sell</a> (Oct. 17, 2013).</li>
<li><a href="http://www.realtor.com/news/survey-most-people-open-to-buying-a-haunted-house/">Survey: Most People Open to Buying a Haunted House</a>, Real Estate News (Oct. 18, 2013). </li>
<li>Evann Gastaldo, <i>Newser</i>, <a href="http://www.newser.com/story/175932/want-to-know-who-died-in-your-home-check-this-site.html">Want to Know Who Died in Your Home? Check This Site</a> (Oct. 19, 2013) </li>
<li>Drew Baker, <a href="http://www.patheos.com/blogs/claremonttheology/2012/02/ghosts-a-spirit-of-equity-religion-superstition-stambovsky-v-ackley-1991-by-drew-baker/">Ghosts & a Spirit of Equity: Religion, Superstition & Stambovsky v. Ackley (1991)</a> (Feb. 23, 2012). </li>
<li>Broderick Perkins, <i>RealtyTimes</i>, <a href="http://realtytimes.com/consumeradvice/sellersadvice1/item/13470-20031023_deadpeople">Do You See Dead People? Disclose It.</a> (Oct. 22, 2003). </li>
<li>Kavanagh Transit System, <a href="http://ktransit.com/Kavanagh/Ghost/ghost-update.htm">The Ghost of Nyack: Ghost Update </a></li>
<li>Guy Driskall, Haunted America Tours, <a href="http://hauntedamericatours.com/hauntedhouses/disclose/">Well, instead of a two car garage... we have ghosts! Real Stigmatized Property? </a></li>
<li>Tim Madigan, The Skeptical Inquirer, Volume 5.2, June 1995, <a href="http://www.csicop.org/sb/show/caveat_specter/">Caveat Specter</a></li>
<li>Amusing History Musings, <a href="http://amusinghistorymusings.blogspot.com/2009/01/court-cases-new-york.html">Court Cases: New York</a> (Jan. 1, 2009) (includes an image of the home at 1 LaVeta Place).</li>
</ul>
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Suggested soundtrack: <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rVqAdIMQZlk">RJD2's Ghostwriter</a>, in honor of Justice Rubin's ghostwriting law clerk. </div>
The Law in Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08934625123458979204noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2119287642096529172.post-6299226326276134422013-10-19T06:50:00.001-07:002013-10-20T08:46:06.377-07:00Do I have to pay the babysitter the minimum wage? Watching other people's kids is hard. That's why I went to law school.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXBAWcKeCOFn_HdQboQGwXxY1Q_wzD3tiAAju3ZWH6WriylAsy3uds8KfVm6YXPC-9U5Zy3fI14bJvy9lBN6g9NQKv-OerqpUirSSJqbfYrswVaJhYlZ5JvOT2GsCFHm01X5HRldvvc-4/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-10-19+at+9.07.54+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXBAWcKeCOFn_HdQboQGwXxY1Q_wzD3tiAAju3ZWH6WriylAsy3uds8KfVm6YXPC-9U5Zy3fI14bJvy9lBN6g9NQKv-OerqpUirSSJqbfYrswVaJhYlZ5JvOT2GsCFHm01X5HRldvvc-4/s320/Screen+Shot+2013-10-19+at+9.07.54+AM.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image courtesy <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/evilerin/">evilerin</a></td></tr>
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<br />
I would much prefer to subject myself to Socratic grilling.<br />
<br />
Despite babysitting's energy-sucking potential, <a href="http://indefenseofwomen.wordpress.com/2013/10/15/paying-the-babysitter/">some segments of the internet</a> seem shocked and offended that babysitters expect to be paid minimum wage.<br />
<br />
And maybe they're right to be shocked. Federal law doesn't require it.<br />
<br />
The gap in the law is not because babysitters are often young people, although federal law does permit paying young people less. Generally, federal law permits paying employees younger than 20 a special smaller minimum wage of $4.25 an hour for their first 90 days of work with any employer. This is probably a legal relic based on the idea that the Real Wage was earned by the father and any child working was working for spending money over the summer. But babysitting is exempt even from the reduced minimum wage requirement for young workers.<br />
<br />
Casual babysitting is exempt from minimum wage law. Under the Fair Labor Standards Act, casual babysitters and companions to the elderly or infirm are exempt from both the minimum wage and overtime pay requirements. Domestic workers are covered--those who receive at least $1,700 in 2009 in cash wages from one employer in a calendar year, or who work a total of more than eight hours a week for one or more employers.<br />
<br />
The law has been slow to develop for full-on domestic work as well. The first state domestic workers rights bill was passed in New York in 2010. California's "Babysitter Bill" passed, but was never signed in to law.<br />
<br />
No matter what the law says, it's important to think carefully (and broadly) about the value and cost of child, elder, and companion care. One argument is that caregivers shouldn't be paid minimum wage because "they just sit there watching TV with them." By that logic, we shouldn't pay security guards minimum wage because "all they do is sit there." Some argue against paying minimum wage because they cannot afford it. By that logic, people should be allowed to pay what they can at the grocery store.<br />
<br />
Certainly, every family should have access to affordable child care. But the answer is not to blame caregivers asking to be paid a minimum wage for a job. Babysitting, nannying, and all forms of domestic caregiving are real jobs, and should be compensated accordingly.<br />
<br />
Granted, there are important distinctions between casual babysitters and full-time caregivers. However, that distinction does not justify paying your neighbor $2 an hour to babysit Junior. That is not work. That is a favor. In the absence of a legal requirement, please choose to do the right thing.<br />
<br />
<i>Again, a reminder this is not legal advice, just information. You should talk to a lawyer for realsies if you are here for any reason that isn't idle curiosity. </i><br />
<br />
<b><u>For more</u>:</b><br />
<ul>
<li>Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (<a href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/29/201">29 USC §201 et seq.</a>; <a href="http://www.dol.gov/dol/cfr/Title_29/Chapter_V.htm">29 CFR Parts 510 to 794</a>)</li>
<li>United States Department of Labor - Wage and Hour Division - <a href="http://www.dol.gov/whd/flsa/whdfs-NPRM-companionship.htm">Fact Sheet: Proposed Rule Changes Concerning In-Home Care Industry under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)</a> </li>
<li>United States Department of Labor - <a href="http://www.dol.gov/dol/topic/youthlabor/wages.htm">Youth & Labor > Wages</a></li>
<li>Anna Almendrala, <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/14/california-babysitter-bill-caretakers_n_1002853.html">California Babysitter Bill: Understanding A.B. 889</a> (Oct. 14, 2011). </li>
<li>Sal Gentile, PBS Need to Know - The Daily Need - <a href="http://www.pbs.org/wnet/need-to-know/the-daily-need/paterson-signs-first-ever-domestic-workers-rights-bill/3230/">Paterson signs first-ever domestic workers rights bill</a> (Aug. 31, 2010).</li>
<li><a href="http://www.domesticworkersunited.org/index.php/en/">Domestic Workers United</a></li>
<li>Domestic Workers Bill of Rights Campaign - <a href="http://www.knowyourrightsny.org/">Know Your Rights</a></li>
<li>Rachael Larimore, Slate, <a href="http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2011/09/02/california_s_babysitter_law_would_hurt_teenage_employment.html">California Gives a Whole New Meaning to the Term “Nanny State”</a></li>
</ul>
The Law in Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08934625123458979204noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2119287642096529172.post-24313552010863343842013-10-16T16:03:00.001-07:002013-10-17T05:40:28.549-07:00Are food expiration dates required by law? Do you trust expiration dates when deciding whether to throw food away?<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3D_uppF4XUErHWk7bXeNoGy45nvL3cXS3VHU3ixMXwT8j0idzlXnLK3UXwia1F6qBjUngMZZ6Us8L514YWcQRQo_uYk6iKaRxMZNnO2_uXEo9qoFQxdZtkmVtqqxnBHl_Ni5tei6tpqrp/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-10-16+at+8.29.10+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3D_uppF4XUErHWk7bXeNoGy45nvL3cXS3VHU3ixMXwT8j0idzlXnLK3UXwia1F6qBjUngMZZ6Us8L514YWcQRQo_uYk6iKaRxMZNnO2_uXEo9qoFQxdZtkmVtqqxnBHl_Ni5tei6tpqrp/s320/Screen+Shot+2013-10-16+at+8.29.10+AM.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image courtesy <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/consumerist/">consumerist</a></td></tr>
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<br />
You may not want to. There is no comprehensive nationwide requirement that food be labeled with expiration dates. A <a href="http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/foodpolicyinitiative/files/2013/09/dating-game-IB.pdf">recent study from Harvard's Food Law and Policy Clinic</a> shows us a brief history of attempts to regulate food expiration date labels. Despite efforts in the 1970s to pass a law standardizing food dating--to the tune of ten failed bills in Congress from 1973-1975--today only infant formula expiration dates are regulated by federal law.</div>
<div>
<br />
Some states have labeling requirements, and some require grocery stores to stop selling food after the food's expiration date. Generally, expiration dates are mere manufacturer recommendations for peak quality and have little bearing on food safety. The Harvard study includes staggering statistics about the food waste generated by this piecemeal regulation as well as policy recommendations to improve the clarity and accuracy of food expiration dates.<br />
<br />
If you're feeling brave and want to eat foods based on food safety rather than peak quality, check out this <a href="http://www.thrillist.com/eat/nation/how-long-do-things-in-your-fridge-stay-good-after-their-expiration-dates?utm_content=feature&utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_term=Nation&utm_campaign=10.15.13+NATION%3A+How+long+do+things+in+your+fridge+stay+good+AFTER+their+expiration+dates%3F">elegant infographic from Thrillist</a>. It provides estimated time frames for how long certain foods are safe to eat after the expiration date has passed. As always, use caution! And a reminder that this blog provides neither legal nor culinary advice. <br />
<br />
<i>This post is dedicated to my law school roommate and a jar of capers belonging to her that I mistakenly threw away our 3L year. May they rest in peace. I publicly apologize for my role in their untimely demise.</i><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b><u>For more</u>:</b></div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>Harvard Law School - Food Law and Policy Clinic - <a href="http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/foodpolicyinitiative/files/2013/09/dating-game-IB.pdf">The Dating Game</a> (Sept. 2013).</li>
<li>CBS - <a href="http://boston.cbslocal.com/2013/09/19/harvard-study-connects-food-waste-to-food-expiration-dates/">Harvard Study Connects Food Waste To Food Expiration Dates</a> (Sept. 19, 2013). </li>
<li>Alexandra Sifferlin, TIME.com - <a href="http://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/19/health/sell-by-dates-waste-food/">Food expired? Don't be so quick to toss it</a> (Sept. 19, 2013). </li>
<li>Star Lawrence, WebMD - <a href="http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/features/do-food-expiration-dates-matter">Do Food Expiration Dates Really Matter?</a></li>
<li>Dan Gentile, Thrillist, <a href="http://www.thrillist.com/eat/nation/how-long-do-things-in-your-fridge-stay-good-after-their-expiration-dates?utm_content=feature&utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_term=Nation&utm_campaign=10.15.13+NATION%3A+How+long+do+things+in+your+fridge+stay+good+AFTER+their+expiration+dates%3F">How long do things in your fridge stay good AFTER their expiration dates?</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
The Law in Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08934625123458979204noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2119287642096529172.post-43688147160477086632013-10-16T04:48:00.001-07:002013-10-16T05:09:14.550-07:00Why don't cosmetics need FDA approval? <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
A common myth is that cosmetics must be approved by the FDA before being sold in the United States. Not true!<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFBCOIcaGIBGJkdds32_n5WpP3WUQZnUcwG2FMLB9dc1m9NhfsJWP-Gl2Xu7hRIkx5PSbh6aU03057R1uXw-8POt04mrApQqubZ4ZOh2TRSyLMCuzWe7KwGsZThU2G44oTMa690-l9C51P/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-10-16+at+7.45.13+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFBCOIcaGIBGJkdds32_n5WpP3WUQZnUcwG2FMLB9dc1m9NhfsJWP-Gl2Xu7hRIkx5PSbh6aU03057R1uXw-8POt04mrApQqubZ4ZOh2TRSyLMCuzWe7KwGsZThU2G44oTMa690-l9C51P/s320/Screen+Shot+2013-10-16+at+7.45.13+AM.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image courtesy <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/anythingbutstill/">anythingbutstill</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
A little backstory about how law is quirky in America. There's a whole body of law called "administrative law" that covers federal agencies--you know, the acronym ones in Washington, DC: USDA, FCC, FTC, FAA. Congress can make laws that give federal agencies the power to regulate certain subjects. Usually, lawmaking is Congress's job, but for various reasons Congress sometimes delegates the task of regulation to federal agencies.<br />
<br />
One of those agencies is the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Congress passed two laws giving the FDA authority to regulate cosmetics: the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act. A substance counts as a cosmetic if it is meant to be used as a cosmetic--the FD&C Act actually specifies "rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or sprayed on, introduced into, or otherwise applied to the human body" for the purposes of "cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance."<br />
<br />
Cosmetics are not quite food, not quite drugs, and do not require FDA approval before they go on the market (some coloring substances do). The FDA maintains a voluntary registration program, but cosmetics manufacturers are not required to participate. <br />
<br />
Groups like the Environmental Working Group advocate for safer cosmetics. They maintain a cosmetics safety database that gives scores based on hazardous ingredients. When you add up the personal care products the average woman uses on a daily basis, the number of ingredients she exposes herself to is staggering.<br />
<br />
I'm afraid to look.<br />
<br />
<b><u>For more</u>:</b><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Food and Drug Administration - Guidance, Compliance & Regulatory Information - <a href="http://www.fda.gov/Cosmetics/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/ucm074162.htm">FDA Authority Over Cosmetics</a> (last updated Aug. 3, 2013). </li>
<li>Food and Drug Administration - Guidance, Compliance & Regulatory Information - <a href="http://www.fda.gov/Cosmetics/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/uc">Is It a Cosmetic, a Drug, or Both? (Or Is It Soap?)</a> (last updated Apr. 30, 2012). </li>
<li><a href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/chapter-9">Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act</a> (21 U.S.C. § 301 et seq.)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/chapter-39">Fair Packaging and Labeling Act</a> (15 U.S.C. § 1451 et seq.)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/laws/administrative-procedure/">Administrative Procedure Act</a></li>
<li>Food and Drug Administration - <a href="http://www.fda.gov/Cosmetics/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/VoluntaryCosmeticsRegistrationProgramVCRP/">Voluntary Cosmetic Registration Program</a> (21 CFR <a href="http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&SID=ea446d5b24e31aef02f65a2f60cd4858&rgn=div5&view=text&node=21:7.0.1.2.12&idno=21">710</a>, <a href="http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&SID=ea446d5b24e31aef02f65a2f60cd4858&rgn=div5&view=text&node=21:7.0.1.2.13&idno=21">720</a>). </li>
<li>Environmental Working Group - <a href="http://www.ewg.org/skindeep/">Skin Deep - Cosmetics Safety Database</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
The Law in Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08934625123458979204noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2119287642096529172.post-66167962304503615262013-10-14T18:12:00.001-07:002013-10-15T05:16:18.057-07:00Why is Christopher Columbus Day a federal holiday? <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Trending this week: an elegant webcomic from Matthew Inman (of the Oatmeal) called "<a href="http://theoatmeal.com/comics/columbus_day">Columbus was awful (but this other guy was not)</a>." Relying on <i>A People's History of the United States</i>, by Howard Zinn, and <i>Lies My Teacher Told Me</i>, by James W. Loewen, Inman's webcomic animates Columbus's rapscallion behavior--not least of which the enslavement, sexual exploitation, dismemberment, and killing of the Taino people he met--as well as Columbus Day's mundane origin. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Inman's comic and the discussion that followed reveal how difficult it can be to find a good human hero: Inman proposes a day to celebrate </span>Bartolomé de las Casas, who rejected Columbus's activities--but who advocated for African slavery. Sadly, it seems as though the comic should have been titled, "Columbus was awful (and this other guy was, too)."<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyaZs5XT8rZUPFT7pO7SPtt17q90MmkptzSvegC2duB_RNitNV6Y-cbnrjNKOZbXQhXzlYwF1msXPz4v8u_iNKFhnc_3zhTck52gIZdsriFW4d1564BFFA8VXUNebPLfoVPiqcYWFdqgI/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-10-15+at+7.40.58+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyaZs5XT8rZUPFT7pO7SPtt17q90MmkptzSvegC2duB_RNitNV6Y-cbnrjNKOZbXQhXzlYwF1msXPz4v8u_iNKFhnc_3zhTck52gIZdsriFW4d1564BFFA8VXUNebPLfoVPiqcYWFdqgI/s320/Screen+Shot+2013-10-15+at+7.40.58+AM.png" width="215" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Image courtesy <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/sashafatcat">sashafatcat</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Columbus Day was created by lobbyists, and recently. In the 1930s, the Knights of Columbus pressured President Franklin D. Roosevelt into federal observance of Columbus Day in honor of Christopher Columbus. The Knights of Columbus liked him because he was "a male, Catholic role model their kids could look up to." Columbus Day generated controversy even then--anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic nativists protested the holiday because Columbus was an Italian Catholic.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">October 12, 1934 was the first observance recognizing the anniversary of Columbus's 1492 landing on <a href="https://maps.google.com/maps?q=San+Salvador+Island,+San+Salvador,+Bahamas&hl=en&ll=24.066528,-74.465332&spn=10.040285,21.643066&sll=24.077555,-74.476009&sspn=0.314077,0.676346&oq=san+salvador+island,+baha&t=h&hnear=San+Salvador&z=6">San Salvador island in the present-day Bahamas</a>. In 1972, President Richard Nixon established the second Monday in October as a national holiday by presidential proclamation.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Today, the law reads:</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>The President is requested to issue each year a proclamation—</i><i>(1) designating the second Monday in October as Columbus Day;</i><i>(2) calling on United States Government officials to display the flag of the United States on all Government buildings on Columbus Day; and</i><i>(3) inviting the people of the United States to observe Columbus Day, in schools and churches, or other suitable places, with appropriate ceremonies that express the public sentiment befitting the anniversary of the discovery of America.</i></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">36 USC § 107.</span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Columbus Day is not a long-standing American tradition. It is a recent creation. </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Laws can be repealed and new laws can be passed. Columbus Day is an important day for many Italian Americans, but wouldn't it be great if we could honor a real Italian Catholic American hero?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">States, territories, and cities offer many other options to celebrate:</span><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Hawaii - <a href="http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol01_Ch0001-0042F/HRS0008/HRS_0008-0001_0005.htm">Discoverer's Day</a> (Hawaii Revised Statutes, Section 8-1.5)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">VI - <a href="http://www.visuperiorcourt.org/about/holidays.aspx">Virgin Islands/Puerto Rico Friendship Day</a> (Title 1 Virgin Islands Code § 171(a))</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">South Dakota - <a href="http://legis.state.sd.us/statutes/DisplayStatute.aspx?Statute=1-5-1.2&Type=Statute">Native Americans' Day</a> (South Dakota Codified Laws, Section 1-5-1.2)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Berkeley, CA - <a href="http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/CityHolidays/">Indigenous People's Day</a></span></li>
</ul>
<b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u><br /></u></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>For more</u>:</span></b><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/36/107">36 USC § 107 - Columbus Day </a> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Library of Congress - Today in History - <a href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/today/oct12.html">October 12 - Columbus Day</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Conor Dougherty and Sudeep Reddy, The Wall Street Journal - <a href="http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB125512754947576887">Is Columbus Day Sailing Off the Calendar?</a> (Oct. 10, 2009). </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.unitednativeamerica.com/">United Native America</a> - <a href="http://www.petitiononline.com/indian/petition.html">National Holiday Petition</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">History.com - <a href="http://www.history.com/topics/columbus-day">Columbus Day</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Catholic Encyclopedia - <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08670c.htm">Knights of Columbus</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">TIME - <a href="http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1929666,00.html">A Brief History of Columbus Day</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Eric Kasum, Huffington Post, <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-kasum/columbus-day-a-bad-idea_b_742708.html">Columbus Day? True Legacy: Cruelty and Slavery</a> (Oct. 11, 2010) </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">U.S. Capitol Historical Society - <a href="http://uschs.wordpress.com/tag/columbus-day-controversy/">Columbus Day controversy</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Michelle Merlin and Michelle Martinelli, Open Secrets Blog, Center for Responsive Politics - <a href="http://www.opensecrets.org/news/2012/10/capital-eye-opener-oct-8-columbus-d.html">Lobbying for Columbus</a> (Oct. 7, 2012). </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Walter Russell Mead, Via Meadia, The American Interest, <a href="http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2011/10/10/happy-columbus-day-observed/">Happy Columbus Day (Observed)</a> (Oct. 10, 2011) </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Andrea Posey, Northwest Florida Daily News, <a href="http://www.nwfdailynews.com/military/hurlburt/misconceptions-in-history-columbus-day-1.216301">Misconceptions in history: Columbus Day</a> (Oct. 10, 2013)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">New York Times, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/12/us/in-berkeley-day-for-columbus-is-renamed.html">In Berkeley, Day for Columbus is Renamed</a> (Jan. 12, 1992).</span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<br />
Suggested soundtrack: Bonnie Tyler, <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVtaVrUAPK0">Holding Out for a Hero</a> (YouTube)</div>
</div>
Jenn Henryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944799032503287247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2119287642096529172.post-49456555705220042942013-10-09T05:41:00.001-07:002013-10-09T05:45:45.569-07:00Why can you be alive in fact and legally dead?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
On Monday, 61-year-old Donald E. Miller, Jr. tried unsuccessfully to convince an Ohio probate court judge that he was alive.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE_STRCzLfOJNL7wBcL1b9_iPDusHij2G4if-M2NF83PpZsFQpqQf1X8YOp3tRct-ENa4AyGKrQjb6XsRaLTyp1b6QlHev53rIAJkoUUDPdsx_oZHwRTgT2IY5sWYkg5btF8405w7TETU/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-10-09+at+8.38.33+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE_STRCzLfOJNL7wBcL1b9_iPDusHij2G4if-M2NF83PpZsFQpqQf1X8YOp3tRct-ENa4AyGKrQjb6XsRaLTyp1b6QlHev53rIAJkoUUDPdsx_oZHwRTgT2IY5sWYkg5btF8405w7TETU/s320/Screen+Shot+2013-10-09+at+8.38.33+AM.png" width="245" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image courtesy <a href="http://www.flickr.com/zoomzoom">zoomzoom</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Miller's wife, Robin, successfully opposed his request for a change in death ruling. She says she cannot afford to repay the $26,000 in death benefits she has already received.<br />
<br />
Apparently, Miller had been declared "legally dead" in 1994 after skipping town so that his wife could receive Social Security benefits. The limit on changing a "legally dead" declaration is three years, and Miller is out of luck.<br />
<br />
Now Miller cannot obtain a driver's license or reinstate his cancelled Social Security number. He may need to file in federal court to challenge his legally dead ruling.<br />
<br />
Judge Allan Davis purportedly told Miller, "We've got the obvious here. A man sitting in the courtroom, he appears to be in good health. . . I don't know where that leaves you, but you're still deceased as far as the law is concerned."<br />
<br />
In Judge Davis's words, what a "strange, strange situation."<br />
<b><u><br /></u></b>
<b><u>For more</u>:</b><br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Neal Colgrass, Newser, <a href="http://www.newser.com/story/175569/judge-tells-man-youre-still-legally-dead.html">Judge to Man: You're Still Legally Dead - Ohio man skipped town more than 20 years ago</a> (Oct. 8, 2013). </li>
<li>Ryan Dunn, The Courier, <a href="http://www.thecourier.com/Issues/2013/Oct/08/ar_news_100813_story2.asp?d=100813_story2,2013,Oct,08&c=n">You're still legally dead, judge tells Fostoria ma</a>n (Oct. 8. 2013). </li>
<li>RT, <a href="http://rt.com/usa/ohio-man-legally-dead-916/">Ohio man remains legally dead despite his recent court plea</a> (Oct. 9, 2013). </li>
<li>Ryan Dunn, Fostoria Review Times - <a href="http://www.reviewtimes.com/Issues/2013/Oct/08/ar_news_100813_story2.asp?d=100813_story2,2013,Oct,08&c=n">Dead man still walking</a> (Oct. 8, 2013).</li>
<li>WFIN, <a href="http://wfin.com/court-says-man-much-alive-still-legally-dead/">Court Says Man Who Is Very Much Alive Still Legally Dead </a>(Oct. 7, 2013).</li>
</ul>
</div>
Jenn Henryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944799032503287247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2119287642096529172.post-74341383718853101432013-10-07T19:36:00.003-07:002013-10-07T19:36:37.341-07:00Why is that rooster crowing in my neighbor's yard with impunity?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Ever wonder why that rooster is allowed to crow in your neighbor's yard with impunity?<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbbe3qaqIyhWkfAfSjAWCCWl1Fz4Qk5jmMRksbmHm3SFn4PKR32XBOSvACZqwLQwj8E-afEfMau233DYd4spf-qOiJaIoDZbH_ZqdmO4TACBzRQreB0UOJkKzADG1ecBUOjwDTccPNUcXN/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-10-07+at+8.29.50+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbbe3qaqIyhWkfAfSjAWCCWl1Fz4Qk5jmMRksbmHm3SFn4PKR32XBOSvACZqwLQwj8E-afEfMau233DYd4spf-qOiJaIoDZbH_ZqdmO4TACBzRQreB0UOJkKzADG1ecBUOjwDTccPNUcXN/s320/Screen+Shot+2013-10-07+at+8.29.50+AM.png" width="214" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Image courtesy <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/certifiable/">Rsphoto.nl</a></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Depends on where you live.<br />
<br />
"Rooster ordinances" are cropping up in various municipalities. As owning chickens becomes more common, so too grows the nuisance of neighborhood roosters. Some areas are adding roosters to ordinances that used to address only barking dogs.<br />
<br />
If you have a neighborhood rooster problem, think about contacting your city council representative.<br />
<br />
<b><u>For more</u>:</b><br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Matt Hongoltz-Hetling, <a href="http://www.onlinesentinel.com/news/Oakland-may-consider-rooster-ordinance-if-crowing-doesnt-quiet.html?pagenum=full">Oakland Sentinel, Oakland may consider rooster ordinance if crowing doesn’t quiet</a> (Aug. 22, 2013)</li>
<li>Mark Walker, UT San Diego, <a href="http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2013/Apr/23/roosters-ordinance/">Rooster ordinance tightened</a> (Apr. 23, 2013)</li>
<li>Lyndsey Evans, The 109, <a href="http://www.the109.org/government/story/2011/11/4992.fort-worth-council-discusses-rooster-ordinance">Fort Worth council discusses rooster ordinance</a> (Nov. 17, 2011)</li>
<li>Sacramento County - Animal Care and Regulation - <a href="http://www.animalcare.saccounty.net/AnimalIssues/Pages/ChickensandRoostersinSacramentoCounty.aspx">Chickens and Roosters in Sacramento County </a></li>
</ul>
</div>
The Law in Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08934625123458979204noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2119287642096529172.post-23745523879360692872013-10-06T06:51:00.001-07:002013-10-06T06:55:04.656-07:00How are electric utility rates set? <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
How are your electric utility rates set?<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpiao0Qhb568RlLFwB88tVk3F9yytpZLYfX_o9xJkepMBR3PwPGa6xINkVDuS-GVXI1U7Oiz0lb-eKn3ZLt9D1oiAa9L1hL980PzIcdhW7-gc5pllqjCUkKchc7_F_JSISDiDeEDu8_omP/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-10-06+at+9.45.59+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpiao0Qhb568RlLFwB88tVk3F9yytpZLYfX_o9xJkepMBR3PwPGa6xINkVDuS-GVXI1U7Oiz0lb-eKn3ZLt9D1oiAa9L1hL980PzIcdhW7-gc5pllqjCUkKchc7_F_JSISDiDeEDu8_omP/s320/Screen+Shot+2013-10-06+at+9.45.59+AM.png" width="244" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Image courtesy <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/lydiashiningbrightly/">lydiashiningbrightly</a></i></td></tr>
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If you answered, "THE FREE MARKET!" you would be wrong!<br />
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The process for setting electric rates varies from state to state. Generally speaking, privately owned electric companies are highly regulated by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and state regulatory commissions.<br />
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In a case about whether the state of Illinois could regulate grain elevator rates, the Supreme Court held in 1876 that the government can regulate businesses involving "the public interest."<br />
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Many of the state electric regulatory commissions grew out of railroad commissions founded in the 19th century. Private electric utilities initially resisted regulation, but they changed their tune when municipal electric utilities started to spring up. By 1917, there were commissions regulating electricity in 33 states.<br />
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Today, utility ratemaking occurs in rate cases before the public utilities commission. The utility submits its financial information to the commission. The commission then analyzes how much revenue the utility company needs, then determines what a reasonable rate will be for the utility to charge consumers. A rate case is similar to a court case, with evidentiary hearings, records, and a written report and order. <br />
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<b><u>For more</u>:</b><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><i><a href="http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/94/113/case.html">Munn v. Illinois</a></i>, 94 U. S. 113, 126 (1876) ("Property does become clothed with a public interest when used in a manner to make it of public consequence, and affect the community at large. When, therefore, one devotes his property to a use in which the public has an interest, he in effect grants to the public an interest in that use, and must submit to be controlled by the public for the common good, to the extent of the interest he has thus created. He may withdraw his grant by discontinuing the use; but, so long as he maintains the use, he must submit to the control.")</li>
<li>Molly Peterson, 89.3 KPCC, <a href="http://www.scpr.org/blogs/environment/2013/09/10/14708/ab-327-poised-to-change-how-california-sets-electr/">AB 327 poised to change how California sets electricity rates</a> (Sept. 10, 2013).</li>
<li>Michael S. Payne, Innovative Manufacturers' Center, <a href="http://www.imcpa.com/energy-insights-part-1-what-determines-electricity-prices/">Energy Insights Part 1: What determines electricity prices? </a></li>
<li>Laylan Copelin, American-Statesman, <a href="http://www.statesman.com/news/business/texas-utility-commission-sets-floor-price-for-whol/nRghw/">Texas utility commission sets floor price for wholesale electricity reserves</a> (Oct. 27, 2011)</li>
<li>Minnesota.gov - <a href="https://mn.gov/commerce/energy/utilities/Utility-Rate-Cases.jsp">Rate Cases</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.michigan.gov/mpsc">Michigan Public Service Commission</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.puc.texas.gov/">Public Utility Commission of Texas</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/%E2%80%8E">California Public Utilities Commission</a></li>
<li>Virginia State Corporation Commission - <a href="http://www.scc.virginia.gov/comm/howerates.pdf">How are Electric Rates Set in Virginia</a>? and <a href="http://www.scc.virginia.gov/comm/reports/restrct3.pdf">Staff Investigation on the Restructuring of the Electric Industry</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.puc.state.pa.us/">Pennsylvania Public Utilities Commission</a> (if you wanna go extra nerdy, their 70th anniversary <a href="http://www.puc.state.pa.us/assets/downloads/PUC_History.pdf">history booklet</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.naruc.org/">National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners</a> (<a href="http://www.naruc.org/Commissions/CommissionsList.cfm">list of links to all 50 states', DC, and territories', regulatory commissions</a>)</li>
<li>Missouri Public Service Commission - <a href="http://psc.mo.gov/General/Ratemaking_Process">Ratemaking Process</a></li>
</ul>
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The Law in Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08934625123458979204noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2119287642096529172.post-36005962693212562142013-10-05T13:53:00.001-07:002013-10-06T13:14:36.197-07:00Is that really Kona coffee you're buying? Why the law's not helping you as much as it could. <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
So that Kona coffee you're buying.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSfEuEcf2IrBkZVCR8iJ781ztPFlDgtrnR4cLX5FwIRj2ZHVU-M1eR5QDLjoeefESDcJjrsiJtT5VpV30MHSX_lbK7zi2JhCX-ggzkwt6nSuNt9rpMuAHEw3y0OrGMDU3oLZ4KatPrhUs/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-10-05+at+4.49.45+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSfEuEcf2IrBkZVCR8iJ781ztPFlDgtrnR4cLX5FwIRj2ZHVU-M1eR5QDLjoeefESDcJjrsiJtT5VpV30MHSX_lbK7zi2JhCX-ggzkwt6nSuNt9rpMuAHEw3y0OrGMDU3oLZ4KatPrhUs/s320/Screen+Shot+2013-10-05+at+4.49.45+PM.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Image courtesy <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/scrappapervlog/">mikepetrucci</a>.</i></td></tr>
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Does the law help you know if it's legit?<br />
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A whole patchwork of antitrust, taxation, and food laws and regulations governs coffee imports. Since 1996, import marking laws have specifically exempted coffee from the requirement that a product be labeled with its country of origin.<br />
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In 1992, the Hawaiian legislature passed a law requiring that coffee sold as "Kona" coffee in Hawaii contain at least 10% of Kona coffee. Why just 10%? Blending is probably the best way for Kona coffee to get itself sold, since it is rare and expensive.<br />
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But this Hawaiian law has no effect anywhere but Hawaii. On the mainland, you could buy a coffee blend labeled "Kona" that contained exactly 0% of Kona coffee.<br />
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Or so Michael Norton, executive of Kona Kai Farms in Berkeley, CA, probably thought. For several years, Kona Kai Farms packaged an inferior blend of Central American coffees and sold it as "Kona."<br />
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In 1997, a group of Kona farmers sued Kona Kai Farms (alongside various retailers like Starbucks and Peet's who sold Kona Kai products) in a civil class action suit. The parties settled in 1999. Kona Kai Farms agreed to pay $1 million to 650 Kona growers and the retailers agreed to buy coffee from REAL Kona growers for several years. Meanwhile, the United States charged Norton with wire fraud and tax evasion. He pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 30 months in prison by a district judge.<br />
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Today, “100% Kona Coffee" and "100% Hawaiian Coffee" are registered U.S. marks with the Patent and Trademark Office.<br />
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But as to what percentage of Kona is in that coffee you're drinking? Your guess is as good as mine.<br />
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<b><u>For more</u>:</b><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Report to the Twenty-Fifth Legislature, Regular Session of 2009, <a href="http://hdoa.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Coffee-Report.pdf">Report on Hawaii-Grown Coffee Labeling and Inspection, And Economic Impact of Potential Changes to Minimum Content Requirements</a>, In Response to Senate Concurrent Resolution (SCR) 102, 2007 Legislature, Prepared by the State of Hawaii Department of Agriculture (February 2009)</li>
<li>Haw. Rev. Stat. § 486-120.6 : Hawaii Statutes - Section 486-120.6: <a href="http://codes.lp.findlaw.com/histatutes/2/26/486/V/486-120.6#sthash.ciFaohQZ.dpuf">Hawaii-grown roasted or instant coffee; labeling requirements.</a></li>
<li>Debra Barayuga, Honolulu Star-Bulletin, <a href="http://archives.starbulletin.com/1999/09/29/news/story1.html">Kona coffee farmers win fake-bean suit Cheap coffee had been repackaged as expensive Kona beans for years</a> (Sept. 29. 1999).</li>
<li>Bruce Dunford, <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/aponline/19990930/aponline013550_000.htm">Counterfeit Kona Bean Case Settled</a>, Washington Post (AP), (Sept. 30, 1999). </li>
<li>Tea & Coffee, <a href="http://www.teaandcoffee.net/0401/special2.htm">The Kono Kai Scandal and its Aftermath</a> (Apr. 2001).</li>
<li>Jennifer Sinco Kelleher, Bloomberg Businessweek News, AP News, <a href="http://www.businessweek.com/ap/2012-07-19/kona-coffee-industry-at-odds-over-new-hawaii-law">Kona coffee industry at odds over new Hawaii law</a> (Jul. 19, 2012).</li>
<li>Jennifer Sinco Kelleher, Huffington Post, <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/06/kona-coffee-labeling_n_1190402.html">Kona Coffee Labeling: Farmers Request More</a> (Jan. 5, 2012). </li>
<li>Coffee, instant coffee, and coffee preparations are classified in either chapter 9 or chapter 21 of the <a href="http://www.usitc.gov/publications/docs/tata/hts/bychapter/1300C09.pdf%E2%80%8E">Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS)</a>, e.g. 0901.11.00. <i>(website down during shutdown)</i></li>
<li>The Marking Statute - Tariff Act of 1930 Section 304, as amended (19 USC 1304) (an article of foreign origin must be conspicuously marked to indicate the country of origin); Customs Regulations, <a href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/CFR-2011-title19-vol1/CFR-2011-title19-vol1-sec134-41/content-detail.html">19 CFR 134.41(b)</a> -- conspicuous means the ultimate purchaser can read the country of origin marking easily and without strain; Miscellaneous Trade and Technical Corrections Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-295, 110 Stat. 3514. Section 14 (exempting coffee from the country of origin marking requirement)</li>
<li>Cheryl K. Chumley, Washington Times, <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/feb/26/coffee-police-calls-caffeine-regulations/">Coffee police call for more regulation of caffeine</a> (Feb. 26, 2013).</li>
<li>Alexis Rubinstein, Tea and Coffee Trade Online, <a href="http://www.teaandcoffee.net/0608/coffee.htm">Kona Coffee Part II: What Works and What Doesn’t</a> (June 2008)</li>
<li>U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Customs and Border Protection, <a href="http://www.cbp.gov/linkhandler/cgov/trade/legal/informed_compliance_pubs/icp085.ctt/icp085.pdf">What Every Member of the Trade Community Should Know About Coffee</a> (Aug. 2006).</li>
<li>Peter Fimrite, SFGate, <a href="http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/U-S-Coffee-Laws-Don-t-Filter-Out-Fraud-2959230.php">U.S. Coffee Laws Don't Filter Out Fraud</a> (Nov. 14, 1996).</li>
<li>Scott Bradley Weese, <a href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2079681">International Coffee Regulation: A Comparison of the International Coffee Organization and the Fair Trade Coffee Regimes</a>, Cardozo Public Law, Policy and Ethics Journal, Vol. 7, No. 275 (Dec. 1, 2008). </li>
<li>Jim Chen, Agricultural Law, <a href="http://aglaw.blogspot.com/2007/11/coffee-and-law.html">Coffee and the Law</a> (Nov. 15, 2007). </li>
<li><a href="http://www.ncausa.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=1">National Coffee Association</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.konacoffeefarmers.org/category/kcfa-business/legislative-objectives/">Kona Coffee Farmers Association</a>, Legislative Objectives</li>
<li>Red Lion Reports, <a href="http://redlionreports.blogspot.com/2007/11/coffee-and-law.html">Coffee and the Law</a> (Nov. 15, 2007).</li>
<li>Carol Robertson, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/The-Little-Book-Coffee-Law/dp/1604429852">The Little Book of Coffee Law</a>, American Bar Association: 2011.</li>
<li>James Ming Chen, <a href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=936453">Around the World in Eighty Centiliters</a>, Minnesota Legal Studies Research Paper No. 05-28; Minnesota Journal of International Law, Vol. 15, p. 11, 2006. ("A simple carafe of coffee, with cream and sugar on the side, vividly illustrates the tradeoff between comparative advantage and redistributive goals in the formation of trade policies.")</li>
<li>MiShorts, Sixty Cups of Coffee - <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mY_c1aTZtmE">Could Drinking Coffee be Against the Law?</a> (YouTube)</li>
</ul>
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Jenn Henryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944799032503287247noreply@blogger.com0